[clang-format] Set language standard to C++17

[jslee02]

as the code standard is C++17:

https://github.com/dartsim/dart/blob/main/dart/CMakeLists.txt#L162

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Before creating a pull request

• Document new methods and classes
• Format new code files using ClangFormat by running make format
• Build with -DDART_TREAT_WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS=ON and resolve all the compile warnings

Before merging a pull request

• Set version target by selecting a milestone on the right side
• Summarize this change in CHANGELOG.md
• Add unit test(s) for this change
• Add Python bindings for new methods and classes

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 0% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 61.55%. Comparing base (b2c4e06) to head (94380de).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
dart/dynamics/HierarchicalIK.cpp	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           format    #1822      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   61.57%   61.55%   -0.03%     
==========================================
  Files         490      490              
  Lines       46024    46024              
==========================================
- Hits        28339    28329      -10     
- Misses      17685    17695      +10     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
dart/common/AspectWithVersion.hpp	37.50% <ø> (ø)
dart/common/Cloneable.hpp	100.00% <ø> (ø)
dart/common/Composite.cpp	86.66% <ø> (ø)
dart/common/Composite.hpp	100.00% <ø> (ø)
dart/common/CompositeJoiner.hpp	100.00% <ø> (ø)
dart/common/EmbeddedAspect.hpp	93.75% <ø> (ø)
dart/common/SpecializedForAspect.hpp	100.00% <ø> (ø)
dart/common/detail/AspectWithVersion.hpp	67.44% <ø> (ø)
dart/common/detail/EmbeddedAspect.hpp	73.11% <ø> (ø)
dart/dynamics/BodyNode.cpp	80.79% <ø> (ø)
... and 27 more

... and 3 files with indirect coverage changes