SQLite: use projected schema when converting records

[sgrebnov]

When the first returned row contains a NULL value, the column type is inferred as NULL, causing all subsequent rows' values in that column to be converted to NULL.

This PR addresses the issue by using the projected schema when converting records. It also avoids unnecessary conversion during the try_cast_to step for primitive types, ensuring they are converted directly to the target types.

This resolves incorrect results produced with SQLite acceleration for TPC-DS queries Q51 and Q59.

Note:

• This PR does not change the behavior related to Decimal conversion (continue to use Float64 that then will be converted to Decimal with try_cast_to). There will be a follow up PR to improve this as well.