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content/graphql/guides/using-pagination-in-the-graphql-api.md
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--- | ||
title: Using pagination in the GraphQL API | ||
intro: Learn how to traverse data sets using cursor based pagination with the GraphQL API. | ||
versions: | ||
fpt: '*' | ||
ghes: '*' | ||
ghae: '*' | ||
ghec: '*' | ||
topics: | ||
- API | ||
shortTitle: Pagination | ||
--- | ||
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## About pagination | ||
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{% data variables.product.company_short %}'s GraphQL API limits the number of items that you can fetch in a single request in order to protect against excessive or abusive requests to GitHub's servers. When you use the GraphQL API, you must supply a `first` or `last` argument on any connection. The value of these arguments must be between 1 and 100. The GraphQL API will return the number of connections specified by the `first` or `last` argument. | ||
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If the data that you are accessing has more connections than the number of items specified by the `first` or `last` argument, the response is divided into smaller "pages" of the specified size. These pages can be fetched one at a time until the entire data set has been retrieved. Each page contains the number of items specified by the `first` or `last` argument, unless it is the last page, which may contain a lower number of items. | ||
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This guide demonstrates how to request additional pages of results for paginated responses, how to change the number of results returned on each page, and how to write a script to fetch multiple pages of results. | ||
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## Requesting a `cursor` in your query | ||
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When using the GraphQL API, you use cursors to traverse through a paginated data set. The cursor represents a specific position in the data set. You can get the first and last cursor on a page by querying the `pageInfo` object. For example: | ||
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```graphql | ||
query($owner: String!, $name: String!) { | ||
repository(owner: $owner, name: $name) { | ||
pullRequests(first: 100, after: null) { | ||
nodes { | ||
createdAt | ||
number | ||
title | ||
} | ||
pageInfo { | ||
endCursor | ||
startCursor | ||
hasNextPage | ||
hasPreviousPage | ||
} | ||
} | ||
} | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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In this example, `pageInfo.startCursor` gives the cursor for the first item on the page. `pageInfo.endCursor` gives the cursor for the last item on the page. `pageInfo.hasNextPage` and `pageInfo.hasPreviousPage` indicate whether there is a page before and after the page that was returned. | ||
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## Changing the number of items per page | ||
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The `first` and `last` arguments control how many items are returned. The maximum number of items you can fetch using the `first` or `last` argument is 100. You may need to request fewer than 100 items if your query touches a lot of data in order to avoid hitting a rate or node limit. For more information, see "[AUTOTITLE](/graphql/overview/rate-limits-and-node-limits-for-the-graphql-api)." | ||
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## Traversing the data set using pagination | ||
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Once you return a cursor from a query, you can use the cursor to request the next page of results. To do so, you will use the `after` or `before` argument and the cursor. | ||
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For example, assuming the `pageInfo.endCursor` value from the previous example was `Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpHOUH8B7g==`, you can use this query to request the next page of results: | ||
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```graphql | ||
query($owner: String!, $name: String!) { | ||
repository(owner: $owner, name: $name) { | ||
pullRequests(first: 1, after: "Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpHOUH8B7g==") { | ||
nodes { | ||
createdAt | ||
number | ||
title | ||
} | ||
pageInfo { | ||
endCursor | ||
hasNextPage | ||
hasPreviousPage | ||
} | ||
} | ||
} | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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You can continue to send queries with the new `pageInfo.endCursor` value returned in the response until there are no pages left to traverse, indicated by `pageInfo.hasNextPage` returning `false`. | ||
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If you specified the `last` instead of the `first` argument, the last page of results will be returned first. In this case, you will use the `pageInfo.startCursor` value and the `before` argument to get the previous page of results. Once `pageInfo.hasPreviousPage` returns `false`, you have reached the last page. For example: | ||
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```graphql | ||
query($owner: String!, $name: String!) { | ||
repository(owner: $owner, name: $name) { | ||
pullRequests(last: 1, before: "R3Vyc29yOnYyOpHOHcfoOg==") { | ||
nodes { | ||
createdAt | ||
number | ||
title | ||
} | ||
pageInfo { | ||
startCursor | ||
hasPreviousPage | ||
} | ||
} | ||
} | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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## Next steps | ||
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You can use {% data variables.product.company_short %}'s Octokit SDK and the `octokit/plugin-paginate-graphql` plugin to support pagination in your scripts. For more information, see "[plugin-paginate-graphql.js](https://github.com/octokit/plugin-paginate-graphql.js)." |
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