Add CMake to project, add C++ CI checks, allow for C++ extensions in Python #1515

Job	Run time
pylint	1m 58s
black	1m 3s
format	14s
isort	47s
flake8	54s
mypy-typechecking	49s
unittests	10m 36s
Build + Test (C++) (Release, gcc, g++, 11)	1m 34s
C++ Test Coverage (gets coverage of main branch, currently not main branch because no C++ on main)	2m 58s
Build + Test (C++) (Release, clang, clang++, 14)	1m 13s
tidy	1m 14s
Build + Test (C++) (Release, clang, clang++, 17, true)	2m 58s
Build + Test (C++) (Debug, gcc, g++, 11)	57s
Build + Test (C++) (Debug, gcc, g++, 12)	1m 9s
Build + Test (C++) (Debug, clang, clang++, 14)	1m 7s
Build + Test (C++) (Debug, clang, clang++, 17, true)	2m 46s
Build + Test (C++) (clang, clang++, 14, Tsan)	1m 53s
Build + Test (C++) (clang, clang++, 14, Asan)	1m 26s
Comment Coverage Results	1s
integrationtests	9m 40s
dockerized-unittests	0s
	45m 17s

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