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Deploy v6.4.0 #7849

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2809bea
update staking landing page
jmcook1186 Jul 18, 2022
a37abcb
Update src/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/index.md
minimalsm Jul 18, 2022
e74c8b6
Update src/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/index.md
minimalsm Jul 18, 2022
0c51dc4
Update src/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/index.md
jmcook1186 Jul 19, 2022
369542b
update web2vweb3 page
jmcook1186 Jul 19, 2022
bbf2789
update merge page
jmcook1186 Jul 19, 2022
bf79ac6
fix typos
jmcook1186 Jul 19, 2022
79a7236
update intro to ether page
jmcook1186 Jul 20, 2022
53e6d0a
update evm details for post-merge
jmcook1186 Jul 20, 2022
9a18e8a
update consensus mechanism page
jmcook1186 Jul 20, 2022
716a4d2
more changes
jmcook1186 Jul 20, 2022
f711fac
rm reference to pow
jmcook1186 Jul 21, 2022
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jmcook1186 Jul 25, 2022
5769638
rm forking from security discussion
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wackerow Jul 25, 2022
997ec12
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3f7ad17
Merge pull request #7142 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-evm
jmcook1186 Jul 26, 2022
7bfc549
update networks page
jmcook1186 Jul 26, 2022
d816030
update client diversity page
jmcook1186 Jul 26, 2022
3db7430
update mev page
jmcook1186 Jul 26, 2022
ee88b66
update transactions page
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Update src/content/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/client-diversity…
minimalsm Jul 27, 2022
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minimalsm Jul 27, 2022
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bcc7ec3
Update src/content/developers/docs/intro-to-ethereum/index.md
minimalsm Jul 27, 2022
656d80d
Merge pull request #7141 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-intro-to-ether
minimalsm Jul 27, 2022
3a08f64
add page on pos validator keys
jmcook1186 Jul 27, 2022
92ad606
Merge pull request #7153 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-dapps
minimalsm Jul 27, 2022
b1f249a
Merge pull request #7112 from jmcook1186/ethash
minimalsm Jul 27, 2022
ea6b474
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minimalsm Jul 27, 2022
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jmcook1186 Jul 28, 2022
abc3a73
re-order testnets
jmcook1186 Jul 28, 2022
2cc0b51
Merge pull request #7130 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-web2vsweb3
jmcook1186 Jul 28, 2022
f58b896
Merge pull request #7084 from jmcook1186/gas-page
jmcook1186 Jul 28, 2022
4269571
Fix line lengths
minimalsm Jul 29, 2022
387b7d7
update storage page
jmcook1186 Jul 29, 2022
064d738
Merge pull request #7191 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-networks
minimalsm Jul 29, 2022
b8b1c0e
Update src/content/developers/docs/storage/index.md
minimalsm Jul 29, 2022
3897123
Update pow to proof-of-work
minimalsm Jul 29, 2022
4c16b9b
Merge pull request #7244 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-storage
minimalsm Jul 29, 2022
d27d0b6
update block page
jmcook1186 Jul 29, 2022
37f47cf
Use markdown within InfoBanner
minimalsm Jul 29, 2022
dca0c03
update accounts page
jmcook1186 Jul 29, 2022
14ff296
update networking layer page
jmcook1186 Aug 1, 2022
d306443
update security page
jmcook1186 Aug 1, 2022
c5872b5
update beacon chain
jmcook1186 Aug 1, 2022
e975687
fix typo and add further reading
jmcook1186 Aug 1, 2022
0cb7220
refine summary point
jmcook1186 Aug 1, 2022
4766d6c
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ad9b305
Merge pull request #7203 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-transactions
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
7412787
Update src/content/developers/docs/intro-to-ether/index.md
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
4570601
Merge pull request #7154 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-intro-to-eth
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
72999eb
Update src/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/index.md
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
ee597e2
Merge pull request #7143 from ethereum/post-merge-consensus-mechanisms
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
e15b6bf
Merge pull request #7266 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-beacon-chain
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
d0c0ee6
Merge pull request #7076 from jmcook1186/energy-consumption-page
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
ea06330
Update src/content/nft/index.md
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
20194fa
Merge pull request #7083 from jmcook1186/nft-page
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
2570e03
Merge branch 'post-merge' into pow-index
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
03678df
Merge pull request #7105 from jmcook1186/pow-index
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
59df9f7
Update src/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/in…
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
925b160
Update src/content/staking/pools/index.md
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
28d3494
Update src/content/staking/solo/index.md
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
fb5e641
Merge pull request #7115 from jmcook1186/staking-pages
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
341a99a
Update src/content/developers/docs/accounts/index.md
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
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dc919d4
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minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
58ac4b7
Merge pull request #7252 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-accounts
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
5dd4682
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jmcook1186 Aug 1, 2022
2991e23
rm link to mining forum
jmcook1186 Aug 4, 2022
add116d
add consensus layer info to rpc page
jmcook1186 Aug 4, 2022
8fb556a
add note on consensus client
jmcook1186 Aug 4, 2022
cb9d592
Update src/content/developers/docs/apis/javascript/index.md
minimalsm Aug 4, 2022
80e8da0
Update src/content/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/index.md
jmcook1186 Aug 4, 2022
26efaba
Merge pull request #7295 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-comm
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
e6cf0b0
Merge pull request #7296 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-rpc_apis
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
03aba3f
Update src/content/developers/docs/apis/javascript/index.md
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
b507c9a
Update src/content/developers/docs/apis/javascript/index.md
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
882a28f
Merge pull request #7297 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-javascript
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
3173f73
Update src/content/security/index.md
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
dc47671
Update src/content/security/index.md
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
b77c243
Update src/content/security/index.md
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
591b752
Merge pull request #7264 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-security
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
fa6ce17
Update src/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/in…
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
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minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
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minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
d513bd2
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minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
8024240
Merge pull request #7109 from jmcook1186/pow-mining-postmerge
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
837c891
Merge pull request #7111 from jmcook1186/mining-algorithms
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
48febd7
Update src/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/index.md
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
7135e92
Merge pull request #7116 from jmcook1186/pos-page
minimalsm Aug 8, 2022
215b8ce
Merge pull request #7263 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-networking-layer
minimalsm Aug 10, 2022
ae005ec
Add Matos Cryptobar to community-meetups.json
eriknson Aug 11, 2022
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wackerow Aug 15, 2022
a815ddc
Merge pull request #7131 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-merge-page
wackerow Aug 15, 2022
7f91278
update block explorers page
jmcook1186 Aug 17, 2022
ae849f8
rm mining link
jmcook1186 Aug 17, 2022
949c153
update uniswap tutorial
jmcook1186 Aug 17, 2022
9b14ba3
update community support page
jmcook1186 Aug 18, 2022
d6a8bba
rm difficulty/miner from json
jmcook1186 Aug 18, 2022
a6a45c6
update naas page
jmcook1186 Aug 18, 2022
ba68d98
update data and analytics page
jmcook1186 Aug 18, 2022
0f32a41
update guide to ethereum tutorial
jmcook1186 Aug 18, 2022
e0d57ff
update sql tutorial
jmcook1186 Aug 18, 2022
dfcc126
update deprecated software page
jmcook1186 Aug 18, 2022
1645d8a
update tutorial
minimalsm Aug 1, 2022
85fbcdf
update development networks page
jmcook1186 Aug 18, 2022
22b3245
Merge pull request #7485 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-deprecated-software
minimalsm Aug 18, 2022
53e0c1c
create PostMergeBanner component
corwintines Aug 18, 2022
075d709
Update src/content/developers/tutorials/a-developers-guide-to-ethereu…
minimalsm Aug 19, 2022
fa9103c
Update src/content/developers/tutorials/learn-foundational-ethereum-t…
minimalsm Aug 19, 2022
9be09ed
Fix typo and remove bad alts
minimalsm Aug 19, 2022
e2b1e69
update sharding page
jmcook1186 Aug 19, 2022
fb16b39
update /eth for post-merge
jmcook1186 Aug 19, 2022
eff9868
uk -> us english
jmcook1186 Aug 19, 2022
5d39bab
update upgrades/vision page
jmcook1186 Aug 19, 2022
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eb389fe
Update src/intl/en/page-upgrades-vision.json
minimalsm Aug 19, 2022
5ce010a
Remove premerge banner
corwintines Aug 19, 2022
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74c57bd
Merge pull request #7479 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-tutorial-websockets
minimalsm Aug 23, 2022
de41f24
Merge pull request #7484 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-tutorial-sql
minimalsm Aug 23, 2022
6024cea
Merge pull request #7482 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-tutorial-guide
minimalsm Aug 23, 2022
469b146
Merge pull request #7474 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-uniswap
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Update src/content/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/nodes-as-a-servi…
minimalsm Aug 23, 2022
f48cf62
Merge pull request #7480 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-naas
minimalsm Aug 23, 2022
abc3d78
Merge pull request #7502 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-upgrades-vision
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5102d0b
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minimalsm Aug 23, 2022
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jmcook1186 Aug 23, 2022
dc4863c
add page on pos rewards and penalties
jmcook1186 Aug 23, 2022
e774eb6
fix italic
jmcook1186 Aug 23, 2022
50cae3a
Merge branch 'dev' into post-merge
wackerow Aug 23, 2022
40e82b2
fix: add closing tag to expandable card
wackerow Aug 23, 2022
f67532b
implement PostMergeBanner
corwintines Aug 23, 2022
35a3786
Merge branch 'post-merge' into postMergeBanner
corwintines Aug 23, 2022
f98771a
Update src/content/developers/docs/data-and-analytics/block-explorers…
jmcook1186 Aug 25, 2022
9c0e929
remove non-mainnet explorers
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3404039
add execution payload details
jmcook1186 Aug 25, 2022
0c48a2f
add attestation data
jmcook1186 Aug 26, 2022
54501cd
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Update src/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/keys/inde…
jmcook1186 Aug 30, 2022
142c92b
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wackerow Aug 30, 2022
0f07ac9
syntax adjustment, remove preMergeBanner
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
e1f4c89
Merge pull request #7193 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-mev
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
4cf969d
Merge pull request #7249 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-blocks
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
5d60a14
remove preMergeBanner: true from updates pages
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
a8f61a0
hard-stop and dash cleanup
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
b0cdeb9
Merge branch 'post-merge' into jc-post-merge-blockexplorers
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
1c1f016
Merge pull request #7473 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-blockexplorers
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
c0651c2
Merge branch 'dev' into post-merge
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
a7bd15e
Merge branch 'post-merge' into jc-post-merge-data-analytics
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
a9c5833
Merge pull request #7481 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-data-analytics
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
c07dcad
Update src/content/developers/tutorials/downsizing-contracts-to-fight…
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
890ec91
Merge pull request #7486 from ethereum/post-merge-updates-tutorial-co…
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
876b512
Update src/content/developers/docs/development-networks/index.md
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
12e786e
Merge branch 'post-merge' into jc-post-merge-devnets
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
517e99f
Merge pull request #7487 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-devnets
wackerow Aug 30, 2022
7067c27
Update src/content/upgrades/sharding/index.md
wackerow Aug 31, 2022
6ff8694
Merge pull request #7499 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-sharding
wackerow Aug 31, 2022
58807dd
Merge pull request #7500 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-eth
wackerow Aug 31, 2022
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jmcook1186 Sep 1, 2022
e5109c4
Merge branch 'dev' into post-merge
wackerow Sep 2, 2022
0d67554
rework rewards and penalties section
jmcook1186 Sep 5, 2022
5f35ea0
Merge pull request #7592 from ethereum/jc-post-merge-glossary
minimalsm Sep 5, 2022
b03927c
Resolved merge conflict by removing PreMergeBanner
minimalsm Sep 5, 2022
a626656
Merge pull request #7544 from ethereum/postMergeBanner
minimalsm Sep 5, 2022
b10031e
Update src/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/rewards-a…
jmcook1186 Sep 6, 2022
d1427c9
add note about inactivity leak on medalla
jmcook1186 Sep 6, 2022
b4dcf81
refactor `EthVideo.tsx` component with chakra UI
MahendraBishnoi29 Sep 10, 2022
73b9664
post-merge glossary term updates
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
418ee40
Merge pull request #7808 from ethereum/post-merge-glossary
minimalsm Sep 12, 2022
7aab34b
Merge branch 'post-merge' into jc-beacon-chain-keys
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
daa30ee
Merge pull request #7215 from ethereum/jc-beacon-chain-keys
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
7686124
chore: small copy adjustments
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
7b5962e
Merge branch 'post-merge' into jc-rewards-and-penalties
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
f8a99fc
Merge pull request #7541 from ethereum/jc-rewards-and-penalties
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
3cbf927
Merge branch 'dev' into post-merge
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
ab9c0a3
chore: update BC/Merge upgrade status
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
63a5f6f
chore: AdoptionChar usage, linting
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
92265ff
patch: merge timing string
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
5039544
Merge branch 'dev' into post-merge
wackerow Sep 12, 2022
096941b
fixed import order
MahendraBishnoi29 Sep 13, 2022
49c890d
refactor EthVideo.tsx component
MahendraBishnoi29 Sep 13, 2022
96625a5
Fix bullet points
samajammin Sep 13, 2022
d6dacd9
refactor: update EnergyConsumptionChart
wackerow Sep 13, 2022
3e8efba
fix: EnergyConsumptionChart replacement
wackerow Sep 13, 2022
7fc2abc
new panda image
nloureiro Sep 13, 2022
d81a6e5
fix responsive rechart on small resolutions
pettinarip Sep 13, 2022
736b515
re-touched image
nloureiro Sep 13, 2022
76ee576
Merge branch 'dev' into merge-panda
wackerow Sep 13, 2022
db604ac
Merge branch 'dev' into post-merge
wackerow Sep 13, 2022
1b57f6a
Merge branch 'post-merge' into merge-panda
wackerow Sep 13, 2022
8f921f5
chore: name brand capitalization
wackerow Sep 13, 2022
e63b380
Merge pull request #7826 from ethereum/merge-panda
minimalsm Sep 13, 2022
37aa9b1
Merge pull request #7825 from ethereum/energy-consumption-chart
minimalsm Sep 13, 2022
f55862a
Add merge console log easter egg
wackerow Sep 13, 2022
c3edd76
remove unused useEffect import
wackerow Sep 13, 2022
9d05fc6
Merge pull request #7827 from ethereum/easter-egg
wackerow Sep 13, 2022
dcc5c81
the merge: add confetti easter egg
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
bbebcc5
refactor: BannerNotification for Chakra props
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
c3329d5
the merge: BannerNotification
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
adb2a94
Merge branch 'banner-confetti' into post-merge
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
d05197a
fix: merge banner layout
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
89aea6d
add missing show flag
corwintines Sep 14, 2022
53d0c5b
Merge branch 'post-merge' of https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org…
corwintines Sep 14, 2022
cdeaa6a
Add merge-complete community translations
minimalsm Sep 14, 2022
8440ee4
Add vietnamese merge-complete translation
minimalsm Sep 14, 2022
8ab4010
remove: summary item from beacon chain
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
a464620
update: history page for Bellatrix
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
1177461
extract reusable useConfetti hook
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
eaad30f
add confetti to merge page
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
b5264b9
Merge pull request #7785 from MahendraBishnoi29/dev
pettinarip Sep 14, 2022
9093c5f
docs: update README.md [skip ci]
allcontributors[bot] Sep 14, 2022
41e7094
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allcontributors[bot] Sep 14, 2022
a2bee0f
Merge pull request #7845 from ethereum/all-contributors/add-MahendraB…
pettinarip Sep 14, 2022
7db51cd
chore: copy adjustments
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
8867091
Merge branch 'dev' into post-merge
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
aca5296
Add Spanish and Indonesian merge-complete strings
minimalsm Sep 14, 2022
1c029f6
fix: conditional confetti
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
7b3bf07
Merge pull request #7843 from ethereum/mergeCompleteStrings
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
6eaf8db
Merge pull request #7190 from ethereum/post-merge
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
215103f
Merge pull request #7396 from eriknson/patch-1
minimalsm Sep 14, 2022
e40cd56
v6.4.0
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
ab91a4a
Merge pull request #7848 from ethereum/v6-4-0
wackerow Sep 14, 2022
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Co-authored-by: Paul Wackerow <54227730+wackerow@users.noreply.github.com>
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jmcook1186 and wackerow authored Jul 25, 2022
commit c12f0f076c38ab931b61dbf8ca86eb66d13a113b
18 changes: 9 additions & 9 deletions src/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/index.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ lang: en
sidebar: true
---

The Ethereum network started using a consensus mechanism called **[Proof-of-work (PoW)](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow)**. This allowed the nodes of the Ethereum network to agree on the state of all information recorded on the Ethereum blockchain and prevents certain kinds of economic attacks. However, Ethereum switched off proof-of-work in 2022 and started using [proof-of-stake](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos) instead.
The Ethereum network began by using a consensus mechanism that involved **[Proof-of-work (PoW)](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow)**. This allowed the nodes of the Ethereum network to agree on the state of all information recorded on the Ethereum blockchain and prevented certain kinds of economic attacks. However, Ethereum switched off proof-of-work in 2022 and started using [proof-of-stake](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos) instead.

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Proof-of-work has now been deprecated. Ethereum no longer uses proof-of-work as a consensus mechanism. Instead, it uses proof-of-stake. Read more on <a href="/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/">proof-of-stake</a> and <a href="/staking/">staking</a>.
Proof-of-work has now been deprecated. Ethereum no longer uses proof-of-work as part of its consensus mechanism. Instead, it uses proof-of-stake. Read more on <a href="/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/">proof-of-stake</a> and <a href="/staking/">staking</a>.
</InfoBanner>

## Prerequisites {#prerequisites}
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ To better understand this page, we recommend you first read up on [transactions]

## What is Proof-of-work (PoW)? {#what-is-pow}

Proof-of-work is the mechanism that once allowed the decentralized Ethereum network to come to consensus (i.e. all nodes agree) on things like account balances and the order of transactions. This prevented users from "double spending" their coins and ensured that the Ethereum chain was tremendously difficult to attack or manipulate. These security properties now come from proof-of-stake instead.
Nakamoto consensus, which utilizes proof-of-work, is the mechanism that once allowed the decentralized Ethereum network to come to consensus (i.e. all nodes agree) on things like account balances and the order of transactions. This prevented users from "double spending" their coins and ensured that the Ethereum chain was tremendously difficult to attack or manipulate. These security properties now come from proof-of-stake instead using the consensus mechanism known as [Gasper](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/gasper/).

## Proof-of-work and mining {#pow-and-mining}

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Proof-of-work is the underlying algorithm that sets the difficulty and rules for

## How did Ethereum's proof-of-work work? {#how-it-works}

Ethereum transactions are processed into blocks. In proof-of-work Ethereum, each block contained:
Ethereum transactions are processed into blocks. In the now-deprecated proof-of-work Ethereum, each block contained:

- block difficulty – for example: 3,324,092,183,262,715
- mixHash – for example: `0x44bca881b07a6a09f83b130798072441705d9a665c5ac8bdf2f39a3cdf3bee29`
@@ -39,15 +39,15 @@ This block data was directly related to proof-of-work.

The proof-of-work protocol, Ethash, required miners to go through an intense race of trial and error to find the nonce for a block. Only blocks with a valid nonce could be added to the chain.

When racing to create a block, a miner repeatedly put a dataset, that could only be obtained by downloading and running the full chain (as a miner does), through a mathematical function. The dataset was used to generate a mixHash below a target nonce, as dictated by the block difficulty. The best way to do this is through trial and error.
When racing to create a block, a miner repeatedly put a dataset, that could only be obtained by downloading and running the full chain (as a miner does), through a mathematical function. The dataset was used to generate a mixHash below a target that is dictated by the block difficulty. The best way to do this is through trial and error.

The difficulty determined the target for the hash. The lower the target, the smaller the set of valid hashes. Once generated, this was incredibly easy for other miners and clients to verify. Even if one transaction were to change, the hash would be completely different, signalling fraud.

Hashing makes fraud easy to spot. But proof-of-work as a process was also a big deterrent to attacking the chain.

### Proof-of-work and security {#security}

Miners were incentivised to do this work on the main Ethereum chain. There was little incentive for a subset of miners to start their own chainit undermines the system. Blockchains rely on having a single state as a source of truth.
Miners were incentivized to do this work on the main Ethereum chain. There was little incentive for a subset of miners to start their own chainit undermines the system. Blockchains rely on having a single state as a source of truth.

The objective of proof-of-work was to extend the chain. The longest chain was most believable as the valid one because it had the most computational work done to generate it. Within Ethereum's PoW system, it was nearly impossible to create new blocks that erase transactions, create fake ones, or maintain a second chain. That's because a malicious miner would have needed to always solve the block nonce faster than everyone else.

@@ -57,19 +57,19 @@ To consistently create malicious yet valid blocks, a malicious miner would have

Proof-of-work was also responsible for issuing new currency into the system and incentivizing miners to do the work.

Miners who successfully create a block were rewarded with two freshly minted ETH and part of the transaction fees. 1.75 ETH was also paid for an uncle block. Uncle blocks are valid blocks created by a miner practically at the same time as another miner mined the successful block. Uncle blocks usually happen due to network latency.
Since the [Constantinople upgrade](/history/#constantinople), miners who successfully create a block were rewarded with two freshly minted ETH and part of the transaction fees. Ommer blocks also compensated 1.75 ETH. Ommer blocks were valid blocks created by a miner practically at the same time as another miner created the canonical block, which was ultimately determined by which chain was built on top of first. Ommer blocks usually happened due to network latency.

## Finality {#finality}

A transaction has "finality" on Ethereum when it's part of a block that can't change.

Because miners worked in a decentralized way, two valid blocks could be mined at the same time. This creates a temporary fork. Eventually, one of these chains became the accepted chain after subsequent blocks were mined and added to it, making it longer.

But to complicate things further, transactions rejected on the temporary fork may have been included in the accepted chain. This means it could get reversed. So finality refers to the time you should wait before considering a transaction irreversible. For Ethereum, the recommended time was six blocks or just over 1 minute. After six blocks, there was high confidence that the transaction was successful - lonmgher waits gave higher confidence. Now, with proof-of-stake, finalization is an explicit, rather than probabilistic, property of a block.
To complicate things further, transactions rejected on the temporary fork may not have been included in the accepted chain. This means it could get reversed. So finality refers to the time you should wait before considering a transaction irreversible. Under the previous proof-of-work Ethereum, the more blocks were mined on top of a specific block `N`, the higher confidence that the transactions in `N` were successful and would not be reverted. Now, with proof-of-stake, finalization is an explicit, rather than probabilistic, property of a block.

## Proof-of-work energy-usage {#energy}

A major criticism of proof-of-work is the amount of energy output required to keep the network safe. To maintain security and decentralization, Ethereum on proof-of-work consumed large amounts of energy. Shortly before switching to proof-of-stake, Ethereum miners were collectively consuming about 70 TWh/yr (about the same as the Czech Republic - according to [digiconomist](digiconomist.net) on 18/07/22).
A major criticism of proof-of-work is the amount of energy output required to keep the network safe. To maintain security and decentralization, Ethereum on proof-of-work consumed large amounts of energy. Shortly before switching to proof-of-stake, Ethereum miners were collectively consuming about 70 TWh/yr (about the same as the Czech Republic - according to [digiconomist](digiconomist.net) on 18-July-2022).

## Pros and cons {#pros-and-cons}