Document deviations from RFC 8446 PL

Explains in detail how the syntax from RFC 8446 section 3.7 is
repurposed for concise descriptions of structure variants. Additionally,
the section on message encoding is moved to "Protocol Definition" to
make the document flow better.

Closes #472

draft-ietf-ppm-dap.md

@@ -402,10 +402,6 @@ Report Share:
 
 {:br}
 
-This document uses the presentation language of {{!RFC8446}} to define messages
-in the DAP protocol. Encoding and decoding of these messages as byte strings
-also follows {{RFC8446}}.
-
 # Overview {#overview}
 
 The protocol is executed by a large set of Clients and a pair of servers
@@ -653,6 +649,82 @@ DAP has three major interactions which need to be defined:
 Each of these interactions is defined in terms of "resources". In this section
 we define these resources and the messages used to act on them.
 
+## Message Encoding
+
+We use the presentation language defined in {{!RFC8446, Section 3}} to define
+messages in the DAP protocol, with the following deviations.
+
+{{Section 3.7 of !RFC8446}} defines a syntax for structure fields whose values
+are constants. In this document, we do not use that notation, but use something
+similar to describe specific variants of structures containing enumerated types,
+described in {{!RFC8446, Section 3.8}}.
+
+For example, suppose we have an enumeration and a structure defined as follows:
+
+~~~
+enum {
+  number(0),
+  string(1),
+  (255)
+} ExampleEnum;
+
+struct {
+  uint32 always_present;
+  ExampleEnum type;
+  select (ExampleStruct.type) {
+    case number: uint32 a_number;
+    case string: opaque a_string<0..10>;
+  };
+} ExampleStruct;
+~~~
+
+Then we describe the specific variant of `ExampleStruct` where `type == number`
+with a `variant` block like so:
+
+~~~
+variant {
+  /* Field exists regardless of variant */
+  uint32 always_present;
+  ExampleEnum type = number;
+  /* Only fields included in the type == number variant is described */
+  uint32 a_number;
+} ExampleStruct;
+~~~
+
+The protocol text accompanying this would explain how implementations should
+handle the `always_present` and `a_number` fields but not `type`. This does not
+mean that the `type` field of `ExampleStruct` can only ever have value `number`.
+
+This notation can also be used in structures where the enum field does not
+affect what fields are or are not present in the structure. For example:
+
+~~~
+enum {
+  something(0),
+  something_else(1),
+  (255)
+} FailureReason;
+
+struct {
+  FailureReason failure_reason;
+  opaque another_field<0..256>;
+} FailedOperation;
+~~~
+
+The protocol text might include a description like:
+
+~~~
+variant {
+  FailureReason failure_reason = something;
+  opaque another_field<0..256>;
+} FailedOperation;
+~~~
+
+Encoding and decoding of these messages as byte strings also follows
+{{RFC8446}}.
+
+## Basic Type Definitions
+
 The following are some basic type definitions used in other messages:
 
 ~~~
@@ -1474,7 +1546,7 @@ For any report that was rejected, the Helper sets the outbound preparation
 response to
 
 ~~~
-struct {
+variant {
   ReportID report_id;
   PrepareRespState prepare_resp_state = reject;
   PrepareError prepare_error;
@@ -1507,7 +1579,7 @@ initial `outbound` message to send in response to the Leader. If `state` is of
 type `Rejected`, then the Helper responds with
 
 ~~~
-struct {
+variant {
   ReportID report_id;
   PrepareRespState prepare_resp_state = reject;
   PrepareError prepare_error = vdaf_prep_error;
@@ -1517,7 +1589,7 @@ struct {
 Otherwise the Helper responds with
 
 ~~~
-struct {
+variant {
   ReportID report_id;
   PrepareRespState prepare_resp_state = continue;
   opaque payload<0..2^32-1> = outbound;
@@ -1779,7 +1851,7 @@ denote the payload of the prep step. The Helper computes the following:
 If `state == Rejected()`, then the Helper's response is
 
 ~~~
-struct {
+variant {
   ReportID report_id;
   PrepareRespState prepare_resp_state = reject;
   PrepareError prepare_error = vdaf_prep_error;
@@ -1789,7 +1861,7 @@ struct {
 Otherwise, if `outbound != None`, then the Helper's response is
 
 ~~~
-struct {
+variant {
   ReportID report_id;
   PrepareRespState prepare_resp_state = continue;
   opaque payload<0..2^32-1> = outbound;
@@ -1799,7 +1871,7 @@ struct {
 Otherwise, if `outbound == None`, then the Helper's response is
 
 ~~~
-struct {
+variant {
   ReportID report_id;
   PrepareRespState prepare_resp_state = finished;
 } PrepareResp;