ci: run `rust-clippy`, send results to CodeQL #321

Job	Run time
Check upstream C library (ubuntu-latest, -pt)	1m 23s
Check Python bindings (ubuntu-latest)	13s
Check upstream C library (windows-latest, -pt --cmake_gen ninja)	2m 44s
Check Python bindings (windows-latest)	1m 9s
Check upstream C library (macos-latest)	3m 32s
Check Rust crate (ubuntu-latest)	46s
Check Rust crate (macos-latest)	33s
Check Rust crate (windows-latest)	3m 23s
Check Rust crate (windows-latest, x86_64-pc-windows-gnu)	3m 17s
Check Rust dependencies	16s
Check Rust formatting	9s
	17m 25s

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