ci: run `rust-clippy`, send results to CodeQL #322

Job	Run time
Check Rust formatting	16s
Check upstream C library (ubuntu-latest, -pt)	1m 24s
Check upstream C library (windows-latest, -pt --cmake_gen ninja)	2m 32s
Check Rust crate (ubuntu-latest)	33s
Check Python bindings (ubuntu-latest)	13s
Check upstream C library (macos-latest)	2m 48s
Check Python bindings (windows-latest)	55s
Check Rust crate (macos-latest)	58s
Check Rust crate (windows-latest)	3m 3s
Check Rust dependencies	18s
Check Rust crate (windows-latest, x86_64-pc-windows-gnu)	3m 31s
	16m 31s

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