ESPuino - RFID-controlled Audio Player based on ESP32 with I2S-DAC Support

Forum

• EN: I've set up a primarily German-speaking community with much documentation. Also an international corner for non-German-speakers is available at https://forum.espuino.de. GitHub login can be used for signing in there (optional).
• DE: Ich habe ein primär deutschsprachiges Forum aufgesetzt, welches ich mit reichlich Doku versehen habe. Würde mich freuen, euch dort zu sehen: https://forum.espuino.de. Ihr könnt euch dort mit eurem Github-Login einloggen, jedoch auch "normal" anmelden. Dokumentation findet ihr insbesondere hier: https://forum.espuino.de/c/dokumentation/anleitungen/10.

News

⚠️ By the end of october 2023, ESPuino switched framework from ESP32-Arduino1 to ESP32-Arduino2. This brought lots of improvements but as it turned out, due to memory restrictions this version no longer runs safely on ESP32 without PSRAM. So please make sure to use an ESP32-WROVER!

Current development

There is a development branch (dev) that contains new features, that will be introduced and tested there first until they become part of the master branch. Feel free to try but be advised this could be unstable.

ESPuino - what's that?

The basic idea of ESPuino is to use RFID tags to control an audio player. Even for kids this concept is simple: place a RFID-tagged object (card, toy character, etc.) on top of a box and the music starts to play stuff from SD card or webradio. Place a different RFID tag on it and something else is played. Simple as that.

This project is based on the popular microcontroller ESP32 by Espressif. Why? It's powerful and having WiFi support out-of-the-box enables further features like an integrated webserver, smarthome-integration via MQTT, webradio and FTP server. And even Bluetooth, too! However, my primary focus was to port the project to a modular base: MP3-decoding is done in software and the digital music output is done via the popular I2S protocol. So we need a DAC to make an analog signal of it: I did all my tests with MAX98357A, UDA1334, MS6324 and PCM5102a. General advice: ESPuino makes use of library ESP32-audioI2S; so everything that's supposed to work with this library should work with ESPuino, too (but maybe not right out-of-the-box). Especially this is true for ES8388.

Hardware setup

You could start on a breadboard with jumper wires but I strongly recommend to start right away with a PCB that was especially developed for ESPuino. There are several available, but ESPuino-mini 4L (SMD) can be considered as being the latest generation. Furthermore you need a ESP32-develboard like (or another one that's pin compatible):

• D32 pro LiFePO4
• E32 LiPo
• Wemos Lolin D32 pro

⚠️ Due to memory restrictions meanwhile it's mandatory to use ESP32 with PSRAM. This being said you need to make sure that your develboard carries an ESP32-WROVER. And you should make sure that 16 MB flash memory is available (both is true for all develboards named above).

Optionally a headphone-pcb can be attached to ESPuino-mini 4L (SMD).

However, feel free to develop PCBs yourself. But again, be advised your ESP32 needs PSRAM in order to run ESPuino properly.

Getting started

• Much more documentation in german language.
• You need to install Microsoft's Visual Studio Code.
• Install PlatformIO Plugin into Visual Studio Code and make sure to have a look at the documentation. Step-by-step-manual is available here
• Install Git and make a copy ("clone") of my repository to your local computer using git clone https://github.com/biologist79/ESPuino.git. Using Git you can keep your local repository easily up to date without doing copy'n'paste. To keep it up to date run git pull origin master. Further infos here and here.
• (Optional) Install GitLens as plugin (to have advanced Git features in VSCode).
• Now, that the Git repository is saved locally, import this folder into Platformio as a project.
• Select the desired environment (e.g. lolin_d32_pro_sdmmc_pe).
• Edit src/settings.h according your needs.
• Edit board-specific (HAL) config-file (e.g. settings-lolin_d32_pro_sdmmc_pe.h for Lolin D32/D32 pro). If you're running a board that is not listed there: start with settings-custom.h and change it according your needs.
• Connect your develboard via USB, click the alien-head icon in the left sidebar, choose the project task that matches your desired HAL and run Upload and Monitor. All libraries necessary are fetched automatically and compilation of the code gets started. After that, your ESP32 is flashed with the firmware. Depending on your develboard it might be necessary to push a button in order to allow ESP32 to enter flash mode (not necessary für Lolin32, D32 und D32 pro).
• Now have a look at the serial output at the bottom of Visual Studio Code's window. At the first run there might appear a few error messages (related to missing entries in NVS). Don't worry, this is just normal. However, make sure the SD card is detected as this is mandatory!
• If everything ran fine, at the first run, ESPuino should open an access-point and ESPuino offers a captive portal that is shown on your computer. If that's not the case, join a WiFi called "ESPuino" and enter http://192.168.4.1 to your webbrowser. Enter WiFi credentials and the hostname there (or in the captive portal). After saving the configuration, restart ESPuino.
• After reboot ESPuino tries to join your WiFi (with the credentials previously entered). If that was successful, an IP is shown in the serial console. You can access ESPuino's GUI using a webbrowser via this IP; make sure to allow Javascript. If the mDNS feature is active in src/settings.h, you can use the hostname configured extended by .local instead the IP. So if you configured espuino as hostname, you can use http://espuino.local for web GUI and FTP.
• Via FTP and web GUI you can upload data (expect a throughput like 320 kB/s up to 700 kB/s).
• FTP needs to be activated after boot if you need it! Don't forget to assign action ENABLE_FTP_SERVER in settings.h to be able to activate it. Neopixel flashes green (1x) if enabling was successful. It'll be disabled automatically after next reboot. Means: you have to enable it every time you need it (if reboot was in between). Sounds annoying and maybe it is, but's running this way in order to have more heap-memory available (for webstream) if FTP isn't needed.
• Via webbrowser you can configure various settings and pair RFID tags with actions. If MQTT/FTP-support was not compiled, their config tabs won't appear.

SD-card: SPI or SD-MMC (1 bit)-mode?

Having the SD card working is mandatory, ESPuino doesn't start without working SD card (at least unless NO_SDCARD hasn't been enabled previously). However, there are two modes available to interface SD cards: SPI and SDMMC (1 bit). Be advised that SDMMC is twice as fast as SPI and needs one GPIO less. So basically it's a no-brainer.

Which RFID-reader: RC522 or PN5180?

RC522 is so to say the ESPuino standard. It's cheap and works, but RFID tags have to be placed close to the reader. PN5180 instead has better RFID range/sensitivity and can read ISO-15693 / iCode SLIX2-tags aka 'Tonies' (you need a password to read Tonies), too. You can also wake up ESPuino with the a ISO-14443 card (after flashing PN5180 with a new firmware). This feature is called LPCD. Disadvantages PN5180: it's more expensive and needs more GPIOs (6/7 instead of 4). In my opinion it's worth it! Refer to PN5180's wiring section below for further information. Hint: if using 3.3 V only make sure to connect these 3.3 V to PN5180's 5 V AND 3.3 V. Sounds weird but it's necessary.

3.3 V or 5 V?

ESP32 runs at 3.3 V only. But what about the periphery?

• 3.3 V! Because: if you plan to use battery mode with LiPo/LiFePO4, there's no 5 V available (unless USB is connected or you make use of a boost converter). That's why my focus is on 3.3 V only. If you want to use 5 V instead - do so, but be advised it might not be compatible with battery mode.
• MAX98357A: provides more power at 5 V but also runs at 3.3 V. Anyway: it's still loud enough (in my opinion).
• Neopixel: specification says it needs 5 V but runs at 3.3 V as well.
• RC522: needs 3.3 V (don't ever power with 5 V!)
• PN5180: at 3.3 V make sure to connect both 5 V and 3.3 V pins to 3.3 V. If 5 V is available all the time: connect 5 V to 5 V and 3.3 V to 3.3 V.
• SD card: needs 3.3 V but if voltage regulator is onboard, it can be connected to 5 V as well
• Rotary encoder: 3.3 V (don't power with 5 V! Encoder doesn't care if connected to 3.3 or 5 V, but GPIOs of ESP32 do!)

WiFi

WiFi is mandatory for web GUI, FTP, MQTT and webradio. However, WiFi can be temporarily or permanently disabled (and ESPuino remembers this state after the next restart). There are two ways to (re-)enable/disable WiFi:

• Use a special modification card that can be configured via web GUI.
• Assign action CMD_TOGGLE_WIFI_STATUS to a button (or multi-button). This toggles the current WiFi status.

Bluetooth

⚠️ Due to memory restrictions it's not possible to run Bluetooth in parallel with WiFi. This means that you cannot stream webradio via Bluetooth or access the web GUI while this mode is enabled.

ESPuino as A2DP sink (stream to ESPuino)

ESPuino can be used as Bluetooth sink (A2DP sink). In this mode you can stream audio (e.g. from a mobile device) via Bluetooth to your ESPuino. This mode can be enabled/disabled via a RFID modification card or by assigning action CMD_TOGGLE_BLUETOOTH_MODE to a button (or multi-button). Applying this will restart ESPuino immediately. Activated Bluetooth is indicated by four slow rotating blue-violet LEDs. After the Bluetooth device is paired the LEDs turn to blue.

ESPuino as A2DP source (stream from ESPuino)

ESPuino can also be used to stream audio (A2DP source) to a Bluetooth headset or external Bluetooth speakers. This mode can be enabled/disabled via a RFID modification card or by assigning action CMD_TOGGLE_BLUETOOTH_SOURCE_MODE to a button (or multi-button). Applying this will restart ESPuino immediately. Activated Bluetooth is indicated by four slow rotating blue-violet LEDs. After the Bluetooth headset is connected LEDs turn to blue.

Port expander

There might be situations where you run out of GPIOs. To address this, a port expander PCA9555 can be used to extend the number of input channels (output mode is only supported in special cases). PCA9555 provides 2 ports with 8 channels each - so 16 channels in total. To activate PCA9555 you need to enable PORT_EXPANDER_ENABLE. Like GPIOs in your develboard-specific settings-file, you can assign numbers. Range is 100 (port 0 channel 0) -> 115 (port 1 channel 7). Via expanderI2cAddress the port expander's I2C-address can be changed. It's 0x20 if pins A0, A1, A2 are wired to GND.

After ESPuino is connected to your WiFi

After making ESPuino part of your LAN/WiFi, the 'regular' web GUI is available at the IP assigned by your router (or the configured hostname). Using this GUI you can:

• configure WiFi
• make bindings between RFID tag, file/directory/URL and playback mode
• make bindings between RFID tag and a modification type
• configure MQTT (if enabled)
• configure FTP (if enabled)
• configure initial volume, maximum volume (speaker / headphone), brightness of Neopixel (night mode / default) and inactivity time
• configure voltage levels for battery mode
• view logs / status / current track
• control player
• run modifications (like modification card)
• upload audiofiles (called web transfer)
• do OTA updates (ESP32 with 16 MB of flash memory only)
• import + delete NVS-RFID-assigments
• restart + shutdown ESPuino

ℹ️ As you apply a RFID tag to the RFID reader, the corresponding ID is pushed to the GUI automatically. So there's no need to enter such IDs manually (unless you want to). The file path is filled out automatically by selecting a file/directory in the file browser.

Interacting with ESPuino

Playback modes

It's not just simply playing music; different playback modes are supported:

• Single track => plays one track one time
• Single track (loop) => plays one track forever
• Single track of a directory (random). Followed by sleep => picks and plays one single track out of a directory and falls asleep subsequently. Neopixel gets dimmed.
• Audiobook=> single file or playlist/folder; last play position (file and playlist) is saved (when pushing pause or moving to another track) and reused next time
• Audiobook (loop) => same as audiobook but loops forever
• Folder/playlist (alph. sorted) => plays all tracks in alph. order from a folder one time
• Folder/playlist (random order) => plays all tracks in random order from a folder one time
• Folder/playlist (alph. sorted) => plays all tracks in alph. order from a folder forever
• Folder/playlist (random order) => plays all tracks in random order from a folder forever
• All tracks of a random subdirectory (sorted alph.) => plays of tracks in alph. order of a randomly picked subdirectory of a given directory
• All tracks of a random subdirectory (random order) => plays all tracks in random order of a randomly picked subdirectory of a given directory
• Webradio => always only one "track": plays a webstream
• List (files from SD and/or webstreams) from local .m3u-File => can be one or more files / webradio stations with local .m3u as sourcefile

Modification RFID tags

There are special RFID tags, that don't start music by themselves but can modify things. If applied a second time, it's previous action/modification will be reversed.

So first make sure to start the music then use a modification card in order to apply your desired modification:

• Lock/unlock all buttons
• Sleep after 5/30/60/120 minutes
• Sleep after end of current track
• Sleep after end of playlist
• Sleep after five tracks
• Dim Neopixel
• Loop track
• Loop playlist
• Toggle WiFi (enable/disable) => disabling WiFi while webstream is active will stop a running webstream instantly!
• Toggle Bluetooth sink (enable/disable) => restarts ESPuino immediately. In this mode you can stream to your ESPuino via BT.
• Toggle Bluetooth source (enable/disable) => restarts ESPuino immediately. In this mode your ESPuino can stream via BT to an external device.
• Toggle through the different modes (Normal => BT-Sink => BT-Source => Normal)
• Speech output of IP-address or current time

ℹ️ All sleep modes do dimming (Neopixel) automatically because it's supposed to be used in the evening when going to bed. Well, at least that's my children's indication :-)

ℹ️ Track and playlist loop mode can both be activated at the same time, but unless track loop isn't deactivated, playlist loop won't be effective

Neopixel LEDs (optional)

Indicates different things. Don't forget configuration of number of LEDs via #define NUM_LEDS. Most designs use a Neopixel ring, but a linear strip is also possible.

ℹ️ Some Neopixels use a reversed addressing which leads to the 'problem', that all effects are shown counter clockwise. If you want to change that behaviour, just enable NEOPIXEL_REVERSE_ROTATION.

Boot

• While booting: every second LED (rotating orange)
• Unable to mount SD: LEDs flashing red (will remain forever unless SD card is available or SHUTDOWN_IF_SD_BOOT_FAILS is active)

Status

• Idle: four LEDs slowly rotating (white if WiFi connected; green if WiFi disabled or ESPuino is about to connect to WiFi)
• Bluetooth: four LEDs slow rotating coloured blue
• Error: all LEDs flashing red (1x) if an action was not accepted
• OK: all LEDs flashing green (1x) if an action was accepted
• Power Off: red-circle that grows until long-press-time is reached
• Buttons Locked: track-progress-LEDs coloured red

Playback

• Busy: violet; four fast rotating LEDs when generating a playlist. Duration depends on the number of files in your playlist.
• Track Progress: rainbow; number of LEDs relative to play-progress
• Playlist Progress: blue; appears only shortly in playlist-mode with the beginning every new track; number of LEDs relative to progress
• Webstream: two slow rotating LEDs that change their colours rainbow-wise as the stream proceeds
• Volume: green => red-gradient; number of LEDs relative from current to max volume
• Paused: track-progress-LEDs coloured orange
• Rewind: if single-track-loop is activated a LED-rewind is performed when restarting the given track

Battery Status (optional)

• Undervoltage: flashes three times red if battery-voltage is too low. This voltage-level can be configured via GUI.
• Short press of rotary encoder's button provides battery-voltage visualisation via Neopixel. Upper und lower voltage cut-offs can be adjusted via GUI. So for example if lower voltage is set to 3.2 V and upper voltage to 4.2 V, 50% of the LEDs indicate a voltage of 3.7 V.

Buttons

⚠️ This section describes my default-design: 3 buttons + rotary-encoder. Feel free to change number of buttons (up to 5) and button-actions according your needs in settings.h and your develboard-specific config-file (e.g. settings-lolin32.h). At maximum you can activate five buttons + rotary-encoder. Minimum duration for long press (to distinguish vom short press) in ms is defined by intervalToLongPress. All actions available are listed in src/values.h. If using GPIO >= 34 make sure to add a external pullup-resistor (10 k).

• Previous (short): previous track / beginning of the first track if pressed while first track is playing
• Previous (long): first track of playlist
• Next (short): next track of playlist
• Next (long): last track of playlist
• Pause/Play (short/long): pause/play
• Rotary Encoder (turning): vol +/-
• Rotary Encoder (button long): switch off (only when on)
• Rotary Encoder (button short): switch on (when switched off)
• Rotary Encoder (button short): show battery-voltage via Neopixel (when switched on and MEASURE_BATTERY_VOLTAGE is active)
• Previous (long; keep pressed) + Next (short) + release (both): toggle WiFi enabled/disabled

Music playback

• Music starts to play right away after a valid RFID tag was applied (if it's known to ESPuino).
• If PLAY_LAST_RFID_AFTER_REBOOT is active, ESPuino will remember the last RFID applied => music-autoplay.
• If a folder should be played that contains many MP3s, the playlist generation can take a few seconds.
• A file's name including path isn't allowed to exceed 255 characters.
• While the playlist is generated Neopixel indicates BUSY-mode.
• After the last track was played, Neopixel indicates IDLE-mode.

Audiobook mode

This mode is different from the others because the last playback position is saved, when...

• next track starts.
• first/previous/last track requested by button.
• pause was pressed.
• track is over.
• playlist is over (position is reset to the first track and file position 0).
• As per default last playback position is not saved when applying a new RFID tag. You can enable this using SAVE_PLAYPOS_WHEN_RFID_CHANGE.
• As per default last playback position is not saved when doing shutdown. You can enable this using SAVE_PLAYPOS_BEFORE_SHUTDOWN.

FTP (optional)

• FTP needs to be activated after boot! Don't forget to assign action ENABLE_FTP_SERVER in settings.h or use a modification card to activate it! Neopixel flashes green (1x) if enabling was successful. It'll be disabled automatically after next reboot. Means: you have to enable it every time you need it (if reboot was in between). Sounds annoying and maybe it is, but it's running this way in order to save heap memory when FTP isn't needed.
• Why FTP? Well: in order to avoid exposing the SD card or disassembling ESPuino all the time for adding new music, it's possible to transfer music to the SD card using FTP. Another possibility is to do via web GUI (webtransfer).
• Default user and password are set to esp32 / esp32 but can be changed via GUI.
• Secured FTP is not available. So make sure to disable SSL/TLS.
• Software: my recommendation is Filezilla as it's free and available for multiple platforms.
• Please note: if music is played in parallel, this rate decreases dramatically! So better stop playback when doing file transfers.

Energy saving

As already described in the modifications section, there are different sleep modes available. Additionally the ESP32 controller will be put to deep sleep after 10 minutes of inactivity (configurable via maxInactivityTime) unless ESPuino doesn't play music, has a FTP client connected and any input via buttons. Every button interaction resets the counter.

Backups

As all assignments between RFID IDs and actions (playback mode, file to play, ...) is saved in ESP's NVS, the problem is that it's all gone when the ESP is broken. So that's where a backup comes in handy. Every time you change or add a new assignment between a RFID tag and an action via GUI, a backup file is saved on the SD card. The file's name can be changed via backupFile. So better don't delete it! Using the web GUI you can use the upload form to import such a file.

Smarthome/MQTT (optional)

Everything that can be controlled via RFID tags and buttons, can also be controlled via MQTT (excepting toggling WiFi status as this doesn't make sense). All manual interactions (buttons, RFID tags) are also sent to MQTT in parallel, so everything is always in sync (unless Wifi/MQTT-connection is broken).

In order to use it it's necessary to run a MQTT broker; Mosquitto for instance. After connecting to it, ESPuino subscribes to all command-topics. State-topics are used to push states to the broker in order to inform others if anything changed (change of volume, new playlist, new track, you name it).

In my home setup I'm using openHAB to "encapsulate" MQTT into a nice GUI, that's accessible via app + web. For further information (and pictures) refer to the openHAB directory.

ℹ️ I described a sample config for openHAB2. However, meanwhile openHAB3 is available and all the stuff described can also be configured via GUI. Be advised that openHAB is pretty complex and you have to spend some time to get familiar with it.

MQTT topics

Feel free to use your own smarthome environments (instead of openHAB). The MQTT topics available are described as follows.

ℹ️ If you want to send a command to ESPuino, you have to use a cmnd-topic whereas ESPuino pushes its states back via state-topics. So guess you want to change the volume to 8 you have to send this number via topic-variable topicLoudnessCmnd. Immediately after doing so, ESPuino sends a conformation of this command using topicLoudnessState. To get hands on MQTT I recommend this one as introduction (covers more than you need for ESPuino).

topic-variable	range	meaning
topicSleepCmnd	0 or OFF	Power off ESPuino immediately
topicSleepState	ON or OFF	Sends ESPuino's last state
topicRfidCmnd	12 digits	Set number of RFID tag which 'emulates' an RFID tag (e.g. 123789456089)
topicRfidState	12 digits	ID of current RFID tag (if not a modification card)
topicTrackState	String	Sends current track number, total number of tracks and full path of curren track. E.g. "(2/10) /mp3/kinderlieder/Ri ra rutsch.mp3"
topicTrackControlCmnd	1 -> 7	1=stop; 2=unused!; 3=play/pause; 4=next; 5=prev; 6=first; 7=last
topicCoverChangedState		Indicated that the cover image has potentially changed. For performance reasons the application should load the image only if it's visible to the user
topicLoudnessCmnd	0 -> 21	Set loudness (depends on minVolume / maxVolume)
topicLoudnessState	0 -> 21	Sends loudness (depends on minVolume / maxVolume
topicSleepTimerCmnd	EOP	Power off after end to playlist
	EOT	Power off after end of track
	EO5T	Power off after end of five tracks
	1 -> 2^32	Duration in minutes to power off
	0	Deactivate timer (if active)
topicSleepTimerState	various	Sends active timer (EOP, EOT, EO5T, 0, ...)
topicState	Online, Offline	Online when powering on, Offline when powering off
topicCurrentIPv4IP	IPv4-string	Sends ESPuino's IP-address (e.g. 192.168.2.78)
topicLockControlsCmnd	ON, OFF	Set if controls (buttons, rotary encoder) should be locked
topicLockControlsState	ON, OFF	Sends if controls (buttons, rotary encoder) are locked
topicPlaymodeState	0 - 10	Sends current playback mode (single track, audiobook...; see playback modes)
topicRepeatModeCmnd	0 - 3	Set repeat-mode: 0=no; 1=track; 2=playlist; 3=both
topicRepeatModeState	0 - 3	Sends repeat-mode
topicLedBrightnessCmnd	0 - 255	Set brightness of Neopixel
topicLedBrightnessState	0 - 255	Sends brightness of Neopixel
topicBatteryVoltage	float	Voltage (e.g. 3.81)
topicBatterySOC	float	Current battery charge in percent (e.g. 83.0)
topicWiFiRssiState	int	Numeric WiFi signal-strength (dBm)
topicSRevisionState	String	Software-revision

Development and Contributions

Code Formatting

Automatic code formatting via clang-format is used. The configuration/rules can be found in .clang-format. If you use Visual Studio Code as IDE, the support for this is automatically available through the C++ extension.

When editing source code, use Ctrl+Shift+I to run the auto-formatting on the file or Ctrl+K Ctrl+F for the selected code.

See the documentation for more options like run auto-formatting on saving or editing the file.

The CI (via "GitHub Actions") checks changes when they are pushed in order to keep the source code clean and provide feedback to the developers and maintainers.

To keep the output of git blame clean despite the massive changes when introducing new formatting rules, we have a .git-blame-ignore-revs that lists the commits to ignore. In VSCode this should be used automatically if you use the "GitLens" extension. Otherwise make sure you apply the config fragment for git by running git config --local include.path ../.gitconfig once in your local clone.