feat: switch from Temurin base images to Temurin installer

[lemeurherve]

This PR switches from Temurin base images to the Temurin installer.

Benefits:

• Less layers to pull
• Faster availability as we don't need to wait for every kind of images (OS/architecture) to be released
• Simpler updatecli manifests (to be adapted in a follow-up pull request)

Notes:

• Reuse the jdk-download scripts introduced in chore(linux): Switch from Temurin base images to Temurin JDK binaries docker#1847
• The JDK21 preview build failed with the jdk download scripts, kept as is since it's already a bit different than the other Linux Dockerfiles.
• For Windows images:
  • Using the happy path of api.adoptium.net, retrieving the MSI installer from jdk version only (retrieving it from the GitHub releases requires the use of several variation of the jdk version)
  • Using a Windows Server Core jdk-core base image for the nanoserver image: we can't use a nanoserver one as we need to retrieve some files from a Windows Server Core anyway.
  • Deliberately not including jlink in this pull request for Windows images as there is currently nothing in the repo capable of testing it properly (Generate smaller java runtime with jlink in Windows images docker-agent#788)

Ref:

• Release of jenkins/* container images on DockerHub errors with HTTP/429 jenkins-infra/helpdesk#4029 (comment)

Testing done

Local builds + CI

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