Tmux

tmux shortcuts & cheatsheet

https://gist.github.com/MohamedAlaa/2961058

start new:

tmux

start new with session name:

tmux new -s myname

attach:

tmux a  #  (or at, or attach)

attach to named:

tmux a -t myname

list sessions:

tmux ls

kill session:

tmux kill-session -t myname

Kill all the tmux sessions:

tmux ls | grep : | cut -d. -f1 | awk '{print substr($1, 0, length($1)-1)}' | xargs kill

In tmux, hit the prefix ctrl+b (my modified prefix is ctrl+a) and then:

Sessions

:new<CR>  new session
s  list sessions
$  name session

Windows (tabs)

c  create window
w  list windows
n  next window
p  previous window
f  find window
,  name window
&  kill window

Panes (splits)

%  vertical split
"  horizontal split

o  swap panes
q  show pane numbers
x  kill pane
+  break pane into window (e.g. to select text by mouse to copy)
-  restore pane from window
⍽  space - toggle between layouts
<prefix> q (Show pane numbers, when the numbers show up type the key to goto that pane)
<prefix> { (Move the current pane left)
<prefix> } (Move the current pane right)
<prefix> z toggle pane zoom

Sync Panes

You can do this by switching to the appropriate window, typing your Tmux prefix (commonly Ctrl-B or Ctrl-A) and then a colon to bring up a Tmux command line, and typing:

:setw synchronize-panes

You can optionally add on or off to specify which state you want; otherwise the option is simply toggled. This option is specific to one window, so it won’t change the way your other sessions or windows operate. When you’re done, toggle it off again by repeating the command. tip source

Resizing Panes

You can also resize panes if you don’t like the layout defaults. I personally rarely need to do this, though it’s handy to know how. Here is the basic syntax to resize panes:

PREFIX : resize-pane -D (Resizes the current pane down)
PREFIX : resize-pane -U (Resizes the current pane upward)
PREFIX : resize-pane -L (Resizes the current pane left)
PREFIX : resize-pane -R (Resizes the current pane right)
PREFIX : resize-pane -D 20 (Resizes the current pane down by 20 cells)
PREFIX : resize-pane -U 20 (Resizes the current pane upward by 20 cells)
PREFIX : resize-pane -L 20 (Resizes the current pane left by 20 cells)
PREFIX : resize-pane -R 20 (Resizes the current pane right by 20 cells)
PREFIX : resize-pane -t 2 20 (Resizes the pane with the id of 2 down by 20 cells)
PREFIX : resize-pane -t -L 20 (Resizes the pane with the id of 2 left by 20 cells)

Copy mode:

Pressing PREFIX [ places us in Copy mode. We can then use our movement keys to move our cursor around the screen. By default, the arrow keys work. we set our configuration file to use Vim keys for moving between windows and resizing panes so we wouldn’t have to take our hands off the home row. tmux has a vi mode for working with the buffer as well. To enable it, add this line to .tmux.conf:

setw -g mode-keys vi

With this option set, we can use h, j, k, and l to move around our buffer.

To get out of Copy mode, we just press the ENTER key. Moving around one character at a time isn’t very efficient. Since we enabled vi mode, we can also use some other visible shortcuts to move around the buffer.

For example, we can use "w" to jump to the next word and "b" to jump back one word. And we can use "f", followed by any character, to jump to that character on the same line, and "F" to jump backwards on the line.

   Function                vi             emacs
   Back to indentation     ^              M-m
   Clear selection         Escape         C-g
   Copy selection          Enter          M-w
   Cursor down             j              Down
   Cursor left             h              Left
   Cursor right            l              Right
   Cursor to bottom line   L
   Cursor to middle line   M              M-r
   Cursor to top line      H              M-R
   Cursor up               k              Up
   Delete entire line      d              C-u
   Delete to end of line   D              C-k
   End of line             $              C-e
   Goto line               :              g
   Half page down          C-d            M-Down
   Half page up            C-u            M-Up
   Next page               C-f            Page down
   Next word               w              M-f
   Paste buffer            p              C-y
   Previous page           C-b            Page up
   Previous word           b              M-b
   Quit mode               q              Escape
   Scroll down             C-Down or J    C-Down
   Scroll up               C-Up or K      C-Up
   Search again            n              n
   Search backward         ?              C-r
   Search forward          /              C-s
   Start of line           0              C-a
   Start selection         Space          C-Space
   Transpose chars                        C-t

Misc

d  detach
t  big clock
?  list shortcuts
:  prompt

Configurations Options:

# Mouse support - set to on if you want to use the mouse
* setw -g mode-mouse off
* set -g mouse-select-pane off
* set -g mouse-resize-pane off
* set -g mouse-select-window off

# Set the default terminal mode to 256color mode
set -g default-terminal "screen-256color"

# enable activity alerts
setw -g monitor-activity on
set -g visual-activity on

# Center the window list
set -g status-justify centre

# Maximize and restore a pane
unbind Up bind Up new-window -d -n tmp \; swap-pane -s tmp.1 \; select-window -t tmp
unbind Down
bind Down last-window \; swap-pane -s tmp.1 \; kill-window -t tmp

Resources:

• tmux: Productive Mouse-Free Development
• How to reorder windows

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.tmux

Self-contained, pretty and versatile .tmux.conf configuration file.

Installation

Requirements:

• tmux >= 2.1 running inside Linux, Mac, OpenBSD, Cygwin or WSL (Bash on Ubuntu on Windows)
• outside of tmux, $TERM must be set to xterm-256color

To install, run the following from your terminal: (you may want to backup your existing ~/.tmux.conf first)

$ cd
$ git clone https://github.com/gpakosz/.tmux.git
$ ln -s -f .tmux/.tmux.conf
$ cp .tmux/.tmux.conf.local .

Then proceed to customize your ~/.tmux.conf.local copy.

If you're a Vim user, setting the $EDITOR environment variable to vim will enable and further customize the vi-style key bindings (see tmux manual).

If you're new to tmux, I recommend you read tmux 2: Productive Mouse-Free Development by @bphogan.

Troubleshooting

• I'm running tmux HEAD and things don't work properly. What should I do?

  Please open an issue describing what doesn't work with upcoming tmux. I'll do my best to address it.

• Status line is broken and/or gets duplicated at the bottom of the screen. What gives?

  This particularly happens on Linux when the distribution provides a version of glib that received Unicode 9.0 upgrades (glib >= 2.50.1) while providing a version of glibc that didn't (glibc < 2.26). You may also configure LC_CTYPE to use an UTF-8 locale. Typically VTE based terminal emulators rely on glib's g_unichar_iswide() function while tmux relies on glibc's wcwidth() function. When these two functions disagree, display gets messed up.

  This can also happen on macOS when using iTerm2 and "Use Unicode version 9 character widths" is enabled in Preferences... > Profiles > Text

  For that reason, the default ~/.tmux.conf.local file stopped using Unicode characters for which width changed in between Unicode 8.0 and 9.0 standards, as well as Emojis.

• I installed Powerline and/or (patched) fonts but can't see Powerline symbols.

  First, you don't need to install Powerline. You only need fonts patched with Powerline symbols or the standalone PowerlineSymbols.otf font. Then make sure your ~/.tmux.conf.local copy uses the right code points for tmux_conf_theme_left_separator_XXX values.

• I'm using Bash On Windows (WSL), colors and Powerline look are broken.

  There is currently a bug in the new console powering Bash On Windows preventing text attributes (bold, underscore, ...) to combine properly with colors. The workaround is to search your ~/.tmux.conf.local copy and replace attributes with 'none'.

  Also, until Window's console replaces its GDI based render with a DirectWrite one, Powerline symbols will be broken.

  The alternative is to use the Mintty terminal for WSL.

Features

• C-a acts as secondary prefix, while keeping default C-b prefix
• visual theme inspired by Powerline
• maximize any pane to a new window with <prefix> +
• SSH/Mosh aware username and hostname status line information
• mouse mode toggle with <prefix> m
• automatic usage of reattach-to-user-namespace if available
• laptop battery status line information
• uptime status line information
• optional highlight of focused pane (tmux >= 2.1)
• configurable new windows and panes behavior (optionally retain current path)
• SSH/Mosh aware split pane (reconnects to remote server)
• copy to OS clipboard (needs reattach-to-user-namespace on macOS, xsel or xclip on Linux)
• Facebook PathPicker integration if available
• Urlview integration if available

The "maximize any pane to a new window with <prefix> +" feature is different from builtin resize-pane -Z as it allows you to further split a maximized pane. It's also more flexible by allowing you to maximize a pane to a new window, then change window, then go back and the pane is still in maximized state in its own window. You can then minimize a pane by using <prefix> + either from the source window or the maximized window.

Mouse mode allows you to set the active window, set the active pane, resize panes and automatically switches to copy-mode to select text.

Bindings

tmux may be controlled from an attached client by using a key combination of a prefix key, followed by a command key. This configuration uses C-a as a secondary prefix while keeping C-b as the default prefix. In the following list of key bindings:

• <prefix> means you have to either hit Ctrl + a or Ctrl + b
• <prefix> c means you have to hit Ctrl + a or Ctrl + b followed by c
• <prefix> C-c means you have to hit Ctrl + a or Ctrl + b followed by Ctrl + c

This configuration uses the following bindings:

• <prefix> e opens ~/.tmux.conf.local with the editor defined by the $EDITOR environment variable (defaults to vim when empty)

• <prefix> r reloads the configuration

• C-l clears both the screen and the tmux history

• <prefix> C-c creates a new session

• <prefix> C-f lets you switch to another session by name

• <prefix> C-h and <prefix> C-l let you navigate windows (default <prefix> n and <prefix> p are unbound)

• <prefix> Tab brings you to the last active window

• <prefix> - splits the current pane vertically

• <prefix> _ splits the current pane horizontally

• <prefix> h, <prefix> j, <prefix> k and <prefix> l let you navigate panes ala Vim

• <prefix> H, <prefix> J, <prefix> K, <prefix> L let you resize panes

• <prefix> < and <prefix> > let you swap panes

• <prefix> + maximizes the current pane to a new window

• <prefix> m toggles mouse mode on or off

• <prefix> U launches Urlview (if available)

• <prefix> F launches Facebook PathPicker (if available)

• <prefix> Enter enters copy-mode

• <prefix> b lists the paste-buffers

• <prefix> p pastes from the top paste-buffer

• <prefix> P lets you choose the paste-buffer to paste from

Additionally, copy-mode-vi matches my own Vim configuration

Bindings for copy-mode-vi:

• v begins selection / visual mode
• C-v toggles between blockwise visual mode and visual mode
• H jumps to the start of line
• L jumps to the end of line
• y copies the selection to the top paste-buffer
• Escape cancels the current operation

Configuration

While this configuration tries to bring sane default settings, you may want to customize it further to your needs. Instead of altering the ~/.tmux.conf file and diverging from upstream, the proper way is to edit the ~/.tmux.conf.local file.

Please refer to the default ~/.tmux.conf.local file to know more about variables you can adjust to alter different behaviors. Pressing <prefix> e will open ~/.tmux.conf.local with the editor defined by the $EDITOR environment variable (defaults to vim when empty).

Enabling the Powerline look

Powerline originated as a status-line plugin for Vim. Its popular eye-catching look is based on the use of special symbols:

To make use of these symbols, there are several options:

• use a font that already bundles those: this is e.g. the case of the 2.030R-ro/1.050R-it version of the Source Code Pro font
• use a pre-patched font
• use your preferred font along with the Powerline font (that only contains the Powerline symbols): this highly depends on your operating system and your terminal emulator

Please see the Powerline manual for further details.

Then edit the ~/.tmux.conf.local file (<prefix> e) and adjust the following variables:

tmux_conf_theme_left_separator_main=''
tmux_conf_theme_left_separator_sub=''
tmux_conf_theme_right_separator_main=''
tmux_conf_theme_right_separator_sub=''

Configuring the status line

Contrary to the first iterations of this configuration, by now you have total control on the content and order of status-left and status-right.

Edit the ~/.tmux.conf.local file (<prefix> e) and adjust the tmux_conf_theme_status_left and tmux_conf_theme_status_right variables to your own preferences.

This configuration supports the following builtin variables:

• #{battery_bar}: horizontal battery charge bar
• #{battery_percentage}: battery percentage
• #{battery_status}: is battery charging or discharging?
• #{battery_vbar}: vertical battery charge bar
• #{circled_session_name}: circled session number, up to 20
• #{hostname}: SSH/Mosh aware hostname information
• #{hostname_ssh}: SSH/Mosh aware hostname information, blank when not connected to a remote server through SSH/Mosh
• #{loadavg}: load average
• #{pairing}: is session attached to more than one client?
• #{prefix}: is prefix being depressed?
• #{root}: is current user root?
• #{synchronized}: are the panes synchronized?
• #{uptime_d}: uptime days
• #{uptime_h}: uptime hours
• #{uptime_m}: uptime minutes
• #{uptime_s}: uptime seconds
• #{username}: SSH/Mosh aware username information
• #{username_ssh}: SSH aware username information, blank when not connected to a remote server through SSH/Mosh

Beside custom variables mentioned above, the tmux_conf_theme_status_left and tmux_conf_theme_status_right variables support usual tmux syntax, e.g. using #() to call an external command that inserts weather information provided by wttr.in:

tmux_conf_theme_status_right='#{prefix}#{pairing}#{synchronized} #(curl wttr.in?format=3) , %R , %d %b | #{username}#{root} | #{hostname} '

Accessing the macOS clipboard from within tmux sessions

Chris Johnsen created the reattach-to-user-namespace utility that makes pbcopy and pbpaste work again within tmux.

To install reattach-to-user-namespace, use either MacPorts or Homebrew:

$ port install tmux-pasteboard

or

$ brew install reattach-to-user-namespace

Once installed, reattach-to-usernamespace will be automatically detected.

Using the configuration under Cygwin within Mintty

I don't recommend running this configuration with Cygwin anymore. Forking under Cygwin is extremely slow and this configuration issues a lot of run-shell commands under the hood. As such, you will experience high CPU usage. As an alternative consider using Mintty terminal for WSL.

It is possible to use this configuration under Cygwin within Mintty, however support for Unicode symbols and emojis lacks behind Mac and Linux.

Particularly, Mintty's text rendering is implemented with GDI which has limitations:

• color emojis are only available through DirectWrite starting with Windows 8.1
• display of double width symbols, like the battery discharging symbol indicator (U+1F50B) is buggy

To get Unicode symbols displayed properly, you have to use font linking. Open regedit.exe then navigate to the registry key at HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\FontLink\SystemLink and add a new entry for you preferred font to link it with the Segoe UI Symbol font.