UPDATE 2022-11-10: This software is no longer maintained and is being archived.

Disclaimer

The name Hoaxy is a trademark of Indiana University. Neither the name "Hoaxy" nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

Introduction

This document describes how to set up the hoaxy backend on your system.

Hoaxy is a platform for tracking the diffusion of claims and their verification on social media. Hoaxy is composed of two parts, a Web app frontend, and a backend. This repository covers the backend part of Hoaxy, which currently supports tracking of social media shares from Twitter. To obtain the fronted, please go to:

http://github.com/iunetsci/hoaxy-frontend

Before Starting

Python Environment

Hoaxy has been upgraded to use python3 under Ubuntu. We are beginning tests for Python 3.7.

The recommended installation method is to use a virtual environment. We recommend anaconda to setup a virtual environment. You could directly use the setuptools script by running python setup.py install, but that is not recommended if you are not an expert Linux user, as some dependencies (e.g. NumPy) need to be compiled and could result in compilation errors.

Anaconda provides already compiled packages for all dependencies needed to install Hoaxy. In the following, our instructions assume that you are using Anaconda. Here is an example of how to create and use python environment by conda.

1. Create a new python virtual environment, named hoaxy with version 3.7:

   conda create -n hoaxy python=3.7

2. activate it (note that before you use other python related command, you should activate your python environment first):

   source activate hoaxy

Most Linux distributions have installed their own python version. After the activation, you are using the new created python environment, which is separated from the system one. For the new created python environment, the actual python executable is located at /ANACONDA_INSTALLATION_HOME/envs/ENV_NAME/bin/python, where ANACONDA_INSTALLATION_HOME is the installation home of your anaconda, and ENV_NAME is the name of python environment (here is hoaxy). Please be aware that you must activate the python environment before you call any other python related command.

Lucene

Hoaxy uses Apache Lucene for indexing and searching. The python wrapper pylucene is used to interface Hoaxy with Lucene. Unfortunately pylucene is neither avaiable via conda or pip, so you will have to compile it yourself.

1. Download latest pylucene 7.6.0(pylucene-7.6.0-src.tar.gz), the version we have tested.

2. Follow these instructions to compile and install pylucene. Please note that building the package is a time-consuming task. Also, do not forget to activate the python environment, otherwise pylucene will be installed under the system Python!

We found that the following tips made the compilation instructions of pylucene a bit easier to follow:

• To build pylucene, you need gcc compiler. Recommended gcc version is GCC 5 or higher
• If you are getting GCC related errors, add following exports in your shell
  • export JCC_ARGSEP=";"
  • export JCC_CFLAGS="-v;-fno-strict-aliasing;-Wno-write-strings;-D__STDC_FORMAT_MACROS"
• You can use cd instead of pushd and popd.
• pylucene supports oracle jdk 1.8
• pylucene needs apache ant 1.8.2 or higher
• You will need the packages default-jre default-jdk python-dev and ant installed on the system (via apt-get if on Ubuntu).
• Do not sudo anything during installation. Using sudo will prevent Lucene from being installed in the correct Anaconda and venv directories.
• Two files need to be modified for your system, setup.py and Makefile. In these two files, the following three variables need to be set to reflect your installation and the virtual environment: java, ant and python (for the venv).

PostgreSQL

Hoaxy use PostgreSQL to store all its data due to the possiblity of handling JSON data natively. Support for the JSON data type was introduced in version 9.3 of Postgres, but we recommend you use any version >=9.4 as it supports binary JSON, or JSONB, a binary data type which results in significantly faster performance than the normal JSON type.

Please install and configure PostgreSQL. Once the database is ready, you need to create a user and a new database schema. To do so, connect to the DBMS with the postgres user:

sudo -u postgres psql

You will be taken to the interactive console of Postgres. Issue the following commands:

-- create a normal role, name 'hoaxy' with your own safe password 
CREATE USER hoaxy PASSWORD 'insert.your.safe.password.here';

-- alternatively you can issue the following command
CREATE ROLE hoaxy PASSWORD 'insert.your.safe.password.here' LOGIN;

-- create database, name 'hoaxy'
CREATE DATABASE hoaxy;

-- GIVE role 'hoaxy' the privileges to manage database 'hoaxy'
ALTER DATABASE hoaxy OWNER TO hoaxy;

-- Or you can grant all privileges of database 'hoaxy' to role 'hoaxy'
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE hoaxy TO hoaxy;

Twitter Streaming API

Hoaxy tracks shares of claims and fact checking articles from the Twitter stream. To do so, it uses the filter method of the Twitter Streaming API. You must create at least one Twitter app authentication keys, and obtain their Access Token, Access Token Secret, Consumer Token and Consumer Secret information. Follow these instructions to create a new app key and to generate all tokens. If you want to have the Botometer feature, you need another Twitter app authentication keys.

Web Parser API

Hoaxy relies on two third-party libraries to parse and extract the content of Web documents. These libraries take care of removing all markup, as well as discarding all comments, ads, and site navigation text. The two libraries we use are, newspaper3k (https://newspaper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) and Mercury(https://www.npmjs.com/package/@postlight/mercury-parser). Both of them are locally installed.

For mercury parser, you need to install node first. Follow the instruction on https://nodejs.org/en/ to install node in your system. Then follow the instructions in https://www.npmjs.com/package/@postlight/mercury-parser to install mercury parser in node. Copy the /hoaxy/node_scripts/parse_with_mercury.js to node_modules directory where mercury parser being installed.

Rapid API (Optional)

This is needed if you want to use the Web front end (see below) or if you want to provide a REST API with, among others, full-text search capabilities. Rapid API takes care of authentication and rate limiting, thus protecting your backend from heavy request loads. To set up Rapid API, user must create an account on the Rapid API Marketplace and create an API key.

Botometer (Optional)

This is needed if you want to integrate Botometer within Hoaxy to provide social bot scores for the most influential and most active accounts. The Botometer API is served via Rapid API and requires access to the Twitter REST API to fetch data about Twitter users. Botometer is integrated within Hoaxy through its Python bindings, see:

https://github.com/IUNetSci/botometer-python

for more information.

Web Front End (Optional)

If you want to show visualizations similar to the ones on the official Hoaxy website, then you should grab a copy of the hoaxy-frontend package at:

http://github.com/iunetsci/hoaxy-frontend

If you want to use this system purely to collect data, this step is optional.

Installation & Configuration Steps

These assume that all prerequisite have been satisfied (see above section).

1. Use conda to install all remaining dependencies (Remember: activate your python environment first):

   conda install docopt Flask gunicorn networkx pandas psycopg2 python-dateutil pytz pyyaml scrapy simplejson SQLAlchemy sqlparse tabulate

   Some of the packages are not official conda packages. You can use pip to install those packages.

   pip install tweepy ruamel.yaml newspaper3k demjson

2. Clone the hoaxy repository from Github:

   git clone [email protected]:IUNetSci/hoaxy-backend.git

   If you get an error about SSL certificates, you may need to set the environment variable GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1 temporarily to download the repo from github.

3. CD into the package folder:

   cd hoaxy-backend

4. If you are not going to use Rapid API, you will need to edit the file hoaxy/backend/api.py to remove the authenticate_rapidapi decorator from the flask routes.

5. Install the package:

   python setup.py install

6. You can now set up hoaxy. A user-friendly command line interface is provided. For the full list of commands, type hoaxy --help from the command prompt.

7. Use the hoaxy config command to get a list of sample files.

   hoaxy config [--home=YOUR_HOAXY_HOME]

   The following sample files will be generated and placed into the configuration folder (default: ~/.hoaxy/) with default values:

   • conf.sample.yaml

     The main configuration file.

   • domains_claim.sample.txt

     List of domains of claim websites; this is a simpler option over sites.yaml.

   • domains_factchecking.sample.txt

     List of domains of fact-checking websites; this is a simpler option over sites.yaml.

   • sites.sample.yaml

     Configuration of all domains to track. Allows for a fine control of all crawling options.

   • crontab.sample.txt

     Crontab to automate backend operation via the Cron daemon.

   By default, all configuration files will go under ~/.hoaxy/ unless you set the HOAXY_HOME environment variable or pass the --home switch to hoaxy config.

   If you get an error while running hoaxy config, you can simply go under hoaxy/data/samples and manually copy its contents to your HOAXY_HOME. Make sure to remove the .sample part from the extension (e.g. conf.sample.yaml -> conf.yaml).

8. Rename these sample files. Ex: rename conf.sample.yaml to conf.yaml.

9. Configure Hoaxy for your needs. You may want to edit at least the following files:

   • conf.yaml is the main configuration file.

     Search for *** REQUIRED *** in conf.yaml to find settings that must be configured, including database login information, Twitter access tokens, mercury parser locations etc.

   • domains_claim.txt, domains_factchecking.txt and sites.yaml are site data files, which specify which domains need to be tracked.

     The domains_* files offer a simple way to specify sites, each line in these files is a domain which is the primary domain of the site. If you want finer control of the sites, you can provide sites.yaml file. Please check the sites.yaml manual

   • crontab.txt is the input for automating all tracking operation via Cron.

     Please check crontab manual for more information on Cron.

10. Finally, initialize all database tables and load the information on the sites you want to track:

    hoaxy init

How to Start the Backend for the First Time

Please follow these steps to start all Hoaxy backend services. Remember to run these only after activating the virtual environment!

Note: The order of these steps is important! You need to fetch the articles before running the Lucene index, and you need the index before starting the API; this last step is only needed if you want to enable the REST API for searching.

1. Fetch only the latest article URLs:

   hoaxy crawl --fetch-url --update

   This will collect only the latest articles from specified domains.

2. (Optional) Fetch all article URLs:

   hoaxy crawl --fetch-url --archive

   This will do a deep crawl of all domains to build a comprehensive archive all articles available on the specified files.

   Note: This is a time consuming operation!

3. Fetch the body of articles:

   hoaxy crawl --fetch-html

   You may pass --limit to avoid making this step too time consuming when automating via cron.

4. Parse articles via the Mercury API:

   hoaxy crawl --parse-article

   You may pass --limit to avoid making this step too time consuming when automating via cron.

5. Start streaming from Twitter:

   hoaxy sns --twitter-streaming

   This is a non-interactive process and you should run it as a background service.

6. Build the Lucene index

   hoaxy lucene --index

7. (Optional) Run the API:

   # Set these to sensible values
   HOST=localhost
   PORT=8080
   gunicorn -w 2 --timeout=120 -b ${HOST}:${PORT} --error-logfile gunicorn_error.log hoaxy.backend.api:app

Automated Deployment

After you have run the backend for the first time, Hoaxy will be ready to track new articles and new tweets. The following steps are needed if you want to run the backend in a fully automated fashion. Hoaxy needs to perform three kinds of tasks:

1. Cron tasks. These are periodic tasks, like crawling the RSS feed of a website, fetch newly collected URLs, and parsing the articles of newly collected URLs. To do so, you need to install the crontab for Hoaxy. The following will install a completely new crontab (i.e. it will replace any existing crontab):

   crontab crontab.txt

   Note: we recommend to be careful with the capabilty of your crawling processes. Depending on the speed of your Internet connection you will wat to use the --limit option when calling the crawling commands:

   hoaxy crawl --fetch-html --limit=10000

   The above for example limits to fetching only 10,000 articles per hour (the default in the crontab). You will need to edit the crontab.txt and reinstall it for this change to take place.

2. Real-time tracking tasks. These include collecting tweet from the Twitter Streaming API. After the process is started, it will keep running. To manage this process, we recommend to use supervisor. The following is an example configuration of supervisor (please replace all uppercase variables with sensible values):

   [program:hoaxy_stream]
   directory=/PATH/TO/HOAXY
   # You can add your path environment here
   # Example, /home/USER/anaconda3/envs/hoaxy/bin
   environment=PATH=PYTHON_BIN_PATH:%(ENV_PATH)s
   command=hoaxy sns --twitter-streaming
   user=USER_NAME
   stopsignal=INT
   stdout_logfile=NONE
   stderr_logfile=NONE
   ; Use the following when this switches to being served by gunicorn, or if the
   ; task can't be restarted cleanly
   ; killasgroup=true
   ; set autorestart=true for any exitcode
   ; autorestart=true
   

3. Hoaxy API. We recommand to use supervisor to control this process too (please replace all upercase variables with sensible values):

   [program:hoaxy_backend]
   directory=/PATH/TO/HOAXY
   environment=PATH=PYTHON_BIN_PATH:%(ENV_PATH)s
   command=gunicorn -w 6 --timeout=120 -b HOST:PORT --error-logfile gunicorn_error.log hoaxy.backend.api:app
   user=USER_NAME
   stderr_logfile=NONE
   stdout_logfile=NONE
   ; Use the following when this switches to being served by gunicorn, or if the
   ; task can't be restarted cleanly
   killasgroup=true
   stopasgroup=true
   

Frequently Asked Questions

Do you have a general overview of the Hoaxy architecture?

Please check the hoaxy system architecture in the documentation. You can also see the early prototype of the Hoaxy system presented in the following paper:

@inproceedings{shao2016hoaxy,
  title={Hoaxy: A platform for tracking online misinformation},
  author={Shao, Chengcheng and Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web},
  pages={745--750},
  year={2016},
  organization={International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee}
}

Can I specify a sub-domain to track from Twitter (e.g. foo.website.com)?

Hoaxy works by filtering from the full Twitter stream only those tweets that contain URL of specific domains. If you specify a website as, e.g. www.domain.com, the www. part will be automatically discarded. Likewise, any subdomain (e.g. foo.website.com) will be discarded too. This limitation is due to the way the filter endpoint of the Twitter API works.

Can I specify a specific path to track from Twitter (e.g. website.com/foo/)?

For the same reason why it cannot track sub-domains, Hoaxy cannot track tweets sharing URLs with a specific path (e.g. domain.com/foobar/) either.

However, when it comes to crawling domains, Hoaxy allows a fine control of the type of Web documents to fetch, and it is possible to crawl only certain parts of a website. Please refer to the sites.yaml configuration file.

Can I specify alternate domains for the same website?

Most sites are accessible from just one domain, and often the domain reflects the colloquial site name. However, there are cases when the same site can be accessed from multiple domains. For example, the claim site DC Gazette, owns two domains thedcgazette.com and dcgazette.com. When you make an HTTP request to dcgazette.com, it will be redirected to thedcgazette.com.

Thus we call thedcgazette.com the primary domain and dcgazette.com the alternate. You provide the primary domain of a site, and alternate domains are optional. This is because when crawling we need to know the scope of our crawling, which is constrained by domains.

How does Hoaxy crawl news articles?

Crawling of articles happens over three stages:

1. Collecting URLs.

   URLs are crawled as a result of two separate processes: first, tweets matching the domains we are monitoring; second, when we fetch new articles from news sites. The corresponding commands are:

   hoaxy sns --twitter-streaming

   for collecting URLs from tweets, and:

   hoaxy crawl --fetch-url (--update | --archive)

   for fetching URLs from RSS feeds and/or direct crawling (either with --update or --archive option),

2. Fetch the HTML.

   At this stage, we try to fetch the raw HTML page of all collected URLs. Short URLs (e.g. bit.ly) are also resolved at this time. To resolve any duplication issue, we use the "canonical" form of a URL to represent a bunch of URLs that refer to the same page. URL parameters are kept, with the exception of the ones starting with utm_*, which are used by Google Analytics. The corresponding command is:

   hoaxy crawl --fetch-html

3. Parsing the HTML.

   At this stage, we try to extract the article text from HTML documents. Hoaxy relies on a third-party API service to do so. You may want to implement your own parser, or use an already existing package (e.g. python-goose). The corresponding command is:

   hoaxy crawl --parse-article

How does Hoaxy treat different tweet types (e.g. retweet, replies)?

Currently Hoaxy can only monitor one platform, Twitter. In Twitter there are different types of tweet for different behavior, e.g., retweet or reply. To identify the type of tweet, Hoaxy employs a simple set of heuristics. Please see the types of tweet manual.