http4k is a lightweight but fully-featured HTTP toolkit written in pure Kotlin that enables the serving and consuming of HTTP services in a functional and consistent way. http4k applications are just Kotlin functions which can be mounted into a running backend. For example, here's a simple echo server:

 val app: HttpHandler = { request: Request -> Response(OK).body(request.body) }
 val server = app.asServer(SunHttp(8000)).start()

http4k consists of a core library, http4k-core, providing a base HTTP implementation + a number of capability abstractions (such as servers, clients, templating, websockets etc). These capabilities are then implemented in add-on modules.

The principles of http4k are:

• Application as a Function: Based on the Twitter paper "Your Server as a Function", all HTTP services can be composed of 2 types of simple function:
  • HttpHandler: (Request) -> Response - provides a remote call for processing a Request.
  • Filter: (HttpHandler) -> HttpHandler - adds Request/Response pre/post processing. These filters are composed to make stacks of reusable behaviour that can then be applied to an HttpHandler.
• Immutability: All entities in the library are immutable unless their function explicitly disallows this.
• Symmetric: The HttpHandler interface is identical for both HTTP services and clients. This allows for simple offline testability of applications, as well as plugging together of services without HTTP container being required.
• Dependency-lite: Apart the from Kotlin StdLib, http4k-core module has ZERO dependencies and weighs in at ~700kb. Add-on modules only have dependencies required for specific implementation.
• Testability Built by TDD enthusiasts, so supports super-easy mechanisms for both In and Out of Container testing of:
  • individual endpoints
  • applications
  • websockets
  • full suites of microservices
• Modularity: Common behaviours are abstracted into the http4k-core module. Current add-on modules provide:
  • Pluggable HTTP client adapters for Apache, Jetty, OkHttp and Websockets
  • Pluggable Server backends: Single LOC Server spinup for Jetty, Netty, Undertow, Apache (Httpcore), Ktor CIO and SunHttp.
  • Serverless backends: Test your application locally and then deploy it to AWS Lambda.
  • Templating support: Caching and Hot-Reload engine support for Handlebars, Pebble, Dust, Thymeleaf and Freemarker
  • HTTP message adapters for Argo JSON, Gson JSON, Jackson JSON, Moshi JSON and XML - includes auto-marshalling capabilities to convert directly to Kotlin data classes.
  • Typesafe, auto-validating, self-documenting (via OpenApi/Swagger) contracts for HTTP services
  • AWS request signing: super-simple interactions with AWS services.
  • Metrics gathering for performance analysis.
  • Multipart form handling, including stream processing for uploaded files.
  • Resilience features: Circuits, retrying, rate limiting, bulkheading - via Resilience4J integration.
  • Security: Simple, pluggable support for OAuth Auth Code Grant flow and ready made configurations to integrate with popular OAuth providers.
  • Cloud-native tooling: support for 12-factor-based style apps.
  • Testing: JUnit 5 Approval Test extensions for http4k messages.
  • Testing: Hamkrest Matchers for http4k objects.
  • Testing: Selenium WebDriver implementation for lightning fast, browserless testing of http4k apps
  • Testing: Chaos Injection mechanism, allowing simple, dynamic injection of failure modes into http4k applications.

Module feature overview

• Core:
  • Base HTTP handler and immutable HTTP message objects, cookie handling.
  • Commonly used HTTP functionalities provided as reusable Filters (caching, debugging, Zipkin request tracing)
  • Path-based routing, including nestable contexts
  • Typesafe HTTP message construction/desconstruction and Request Contexts using Lenses
  • Static file-serving capability with Caching and Hot-Reload
  • Servlet implementation to allow plugin to any Servlet container
  • Launch applications in 1LOC with an embedded SunHttp server backend (recommended for development use only)
  • Path-based websockets including typesafe message marshalling using Lenses
  • APIs to record and replay HTTP traffic to disk or memory
  • Core abstraction APIs implemented by the other modules
• Client:
  • 1LOC client adapters
    • Apache sync + async HTTP
    • Jetty HTTP (supports sync and async HTTP)
    • OkHttp HTTP (supports sync and async HTTP)
    • Java (bundled with http4k-core)
  • 1LOC WebSocket client, with blocking and non-blocking modes
• Server:
  • 1LOC server backend spinup for:
    • Jetty (including websocket support)
    • Undertow
    • Apache (from httpcore)
    • Netty
    • Ktor CIO
    • SunHttp (bundled with http4k-core)
  • API design allows for plugging into configurable instances of each
• Serverless:
  • Implement a single Factory method, then upload your http4k applications to AWS Lambda to be called from API Gateway.
• Contracts:
  • Define Typesafe HTTP contracts, with required and optional path/query/header/bodies
  • Typesafe path matching
  • Auto-validation of incoming requests == zero boilerplate validation code
  • Self-documenting for all routes - eg. Built in support for live OpenApi/Swagger description endpoints including JSON Schema model breakdown.
• Templating:
  • Pluggable templating system support for:
    • Dust
    • Freemarker
    • Handlebars
    • Pebble
    • Thymeleaf
  • Caching and Hot-Reload template support
• Message formats:
  • Consistent API provides first class support for marshalling formats to/from HTTP messages for:
    • Jackson - includes support for fully automatic marshalling of Data classes into JSON/XML)
    • Gson - includes support for fully automatic marshalling of Data classes into JSON)
    • Moshi - includes support for fully automatic marshalling of Data classes into JSON)
    • Argo - lightweight Java JSON API with zero dependencies.
    • Xml - includes support for one way automatic marshalling of Data classe into XML)
• Resilience:
  • Support for Circuits, Retrying, Rate-Limiting, Bulkheading via Resilience4J integration.
• Metrics:
  • Support for plugging http4k apps into micrometer
• Multipart:
  • Support for Multipart HTML forms, including Lens extensions for type-safe marshalling of fields.
• AWS:
  • Client filter to allow super-simple interaction with AWS services (via request signing)
• OAuth Security
  • Implement OAuth Authorisation Code Grant flow with a single Interface
  • Pre-configured OAuth for following providers:
    • Auth0
    • Dropbox
    • Google
    • Soundcloud
• Cloud Native:
  • Tooling to support operating http4k applications in orchestrated cloud environments such as Kubernetes and CloudFoundry. 12-factor configuration, dual-port servers and health checks such as liveness and readiness checking.
• WebDriver:
  • Ultra-lightweight Selenium WebDriver implementation for http4k application.
• Hamkrest:
  • A set of Hamkrest matchers for testing http4k Request and Response messages.
• Approval Testing:
  • JUnit 5 extensions for Approval testing of http4k Request and Response messages.
• Chaos:
  • API for declaring and injecting failure modes into http4k applications, allowing modelling and hence answering of "what if" style questions to help understand how code fares under failure conditions such as latency and dying processes.

Example

This quick example is designed to convey the simplicity & features of http4k . See also the quickstart for the simplest possible starting point.

To install, add these dependencies to your Gradle file:

dependencies {
    compile group: "org.http4k", name: "http4k-core", version: "3.140.0"
    compile group: "org.http4k", name: "http4k-server-jetty", version: "3.140.0"
    compile group: "org.http4k", name: "http4k-client-okhttp", version: "3.140.0"
}

This "Hello World" style example () demonstrates how to serve and consume HTTP services with dynamic routing:

package cookbook

import org.http4k.client.OkHttp
import org.http4k.core.Filter
import org.http4k.core.HttpHandler
import org.http4k.core.Method.GET
import org.http4k.core.Request
import org.http4k.core.Response
import org.http4k.core.Status.Companion.OK
import org.http4k.core.then
import org.http4k.filter.CachingFilters
import org.http4k.routing.bind
import org.http4k.routing.path
import org.http4k.routing.routes
import org.http4k.server.Jetty
import org.http4k.server.asServer

fun main() {
    // we can bind HttpHandlers (which are just functions from  Request -> Response) to paths/methods to create a Route,
    // then combine many Routes together to make another HttpHandler
    val app: HttpHandler = routes(
        "/ping" bind GET to { _: Request -> Response(OK).body("pong!") },
        "/greet/{name}" bind GET to { req: Request ->
            val path: String? = req.path("name")
            Response(OK).body("hello ${path ?: "anon!"}")
        }
    )

    // call the handler in-memory without spinning up a server
    val inMemoryResponse: Response = app(Request(GET, "/greet/Bob"))
    println(inMemoryResponse)

// Produces:
//    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
//
//
//    hello Bob

    // this is a Filter - it performs pre/post processing on a request or response
    val timingFilter = Filter {
        next: HttpHandler ->
        {
            request: Request ->
            val start = System.currentTimeMillis()
            val response = next(request)
            val latency = System.currentTimeMillis() - start
            println("Request to ${request.uri} took ${latency}ms")
            response
        }
    }

    // we can "stack" filters to create reusable units, and then apply them to an HttpHandler
    val compositeFilter = CachingFilters.Response.NoCache().then(timingFilter)
    val filteredApp: HttpHandler = compositeFilter.then(app)

    // only 1 LOC to mount an app and start it in a container
    filteredApp.asServer(Jetty(9000)).start()

    // HTTP clients are also HttpHandlers!
    val client: HttpHandler = OkHttp()

    val networkResponse: Response = client(Request(GET, "http://localhost:9000/greet/Bob"))
    println(networkResponse)

// Produces:
//    Request to /api/greet/Bob took 1ms
//    HTTP/1.1 200
//    cache-control: private, must-revalidate
//    content-length: 9
//    date: Thu, 08 Jun 2017 13:01:13 GMT
//    expires: 0
//    server: Jetty(9.3.16.v20170120)
//
//    hello Bob
}

Acknowledgments

• Dan Bodart's utterlyidle
• Ivan Moore for pairing on "BarelyMagical", a 50-line wrapper around utterlyidle to allow "Server as a Function"

Contributors

This project exists thanks to all the people who contribute.

Backers & Sponsors

If you use http4k in your project or enterprise and would like to support ongoing development, please consider becoming a backer or a sponsor. Sponsor logos will show up here with a link to your website.