Merge pull request #1221 from yerbol-akhmetov/add_low_voltage

Add electricity distribution grid

config.default.yaml

@@ -594,6 +594,13 @@ sector:
   efficiency_heat_biomass_to_elec: 0.9
   efficiency_heat_gas_to_elec: 0.9
 
+  electricity_distribution_grid: true # adds low voltage buses and shifts AC loads, BEVs, heat pumps, and resistive heaters, micro CHPs to low voltage buses if technologies are present
+  solar_rooftop: true # adds distribution side customer rooftop PV (only work if electricity_distribution_grid: true)
+  home_battery: true # adds home batteries to low voltage buses ((only work if electricity_distribution_grid: true)
+  transmission_efficiency:
+    electricity distribution grid:
+      efficiency_static: 0.97 # efficiency of distribution grid (i.e. 3% loses)
+
   dynamic_transport:
     enable: false # If "True", then the BEV and FCEV shares are obtained depending on the "Co2L"-wildcard (e.g. "Co2L0.70: 0.10"). If "False", then the shares are obtained depending on the "demand" wildcard and "planning_horizons" wildcard as listed below (e.g. "DF_2050: 0.08")
     land_transport_electric_share:

doc/release_notes.rst

@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ E.g. if a new rule becomes available describe how to use it `make test` and in o
 
 * Drop vrestil depenedncy `PR #1220 <https://github.com/pypsa-meets-earth/pypsa-earth/pull/1220>`__
 
+* Add electricity distribution grid with solar rooftop and home battery technologies `PR #1221 <https://github.com/pypsa-meets-earth/pypsa-earth/pull/1221>`__
+
 **Minor Changes and bug-fixing**
 
 * The default configuration for `electricity:estimate_renewable_capacities:year` was updated from 2020 to 2023. `PR #1106 <https://github.com/pypsa-meets-earth/pypsa-earth/pull/1106>`__

scripts/prepare_sector_network.py

@@ -2629,6 +2629,141 @@ def add_residential(n, costs):
     )
 
 
+def add_electricity_distribution_grid(n, costs):
+    logger.info("Adding electricity distribution network")
+    nodes = pop_layout.index
+
+    n.madd(
+        "Bus",
+        nodes + " low voltage",
+        location=nodes,
+        carrier="low voltage",
+        unit="MWh_el",
+    )
+
+    n.madd(
+        "Link",
+        nodes + " electricity distribution grid",
+        bus0=nodes,
+        bus1=nodes + " low voltage",
+        p_nom_extendable=True,
+        p_min_pu=-1,
+        carrier="electricity distribution grid",
+        efficiency=1,
+        lifetime=costs.at["electricity distribution grid", "lifetime"],
+        capital_cost=costs.at["electricity distribution grid", "fixed"],
+    )
+
+    # deduct distribution losses from electricity demand as these are included in total load
+    # https://nbviewer.org/github/Open-Power-System-Data/datapackage_timeseries/blob/2020-10-06/main.ipynb
+    if (
+        efficiency := options["transmission_efficiency"]
+        .get("electricity distribution grid", {})
+        .get("efficiency_static")
+    ):
+        logger.info(
+            f"Deducting distribution losses from electricity demand: {np.around(100*(1-efficiency), decimals=2)}%"
+        )
+        n.loads_t.p_set.loc[:, n.loads.carrier == "AC"] *= efficiency
+
+    # move AC loads to low voltage buses
+    ac_loads = n.loads.index[n.loads.carrier == "AC"]
+    n.loads.loc[ac_loads, "bus"] += " low voltage"
+
+    # move industry, rail transport, agriculture and services electricity to low voltage
+    loads = n.loads.index[n.loads.carrier.str.contains("electricity")]
+    n.loads.loc[loads, "bus"] += " low voltage"
+
+    bevs = n.links.index[n.links.carrier == "BEV charger"]
+    n.links.loc[bevs, "bus0"] += " low voltage"
+
+    v2gs = n.links.index[n.links.carrier == "V2G"]
+    n.links.loc[v2gs, "bus1"] += " low voltage"
+
+    hps = n.links.index[n.links.carrier.str.contains("heat pump")]
+    n.links.loc[hps, "bus0"] += " low voltage"
+
+    rh = n.links.index[n.links.carrier.str.contains("resistive heater")]
+    n.links.loc[rh, "bus0"] += " low voltage"
+
+    mchp = n.links.index[n.links.carrier.str.contains("micro gas")]
+    n.links.loc[mchp, "bus1"] += " low voltage"
+
+    if options.get("solar_rooftop", False):
+        logger.info("Adding solar rooftop technology")
+        # set existing solar to cost of utility cost rather the 50-50 rooftop-utility
+        solar = n.generators.index[n.generators.carrier == "solar"]
+        n.generators.loc[solar, "capital_cost"] = costs.at["solar-utility", "fixed"]
+        pop_solar = pop_layout.total.rename(index=lambda x: x + " solar")
+
+        # add max solar rooftop potential assuming 0.1 kW/m2 and 20 m2/person,
+        # i.e. 2 kW/person (population data is in thousands of people) so we get MW
+        potential = 0.1 * 20 * pop_solar
+
+        n.madd(
+            "Generator",
+            solar,
+            suffix=" rooftop",
+            bus=n.generators.loc[solar, "bus"] + " low voltage",
+            carrier="solar rooftop",
+            p_nom_extendable=True,
+            p_nom_max=potential.loc[solar],
+            marginal_cost=n.generators.loc[solar, "marginal_cost"],
+            capital_cost=costs.at["solar-rooftop", "fixed"],
+            efficiency=n.generators.loc[solar, "efficiency"],
+            p_max_pu=n.generators_t.p_max_pu[solar],
+            lifetime=costs.at["solar-rooftop", "lifetime"],
+        )
+
+    if options.get("home_battery", False):
+        logger.info("Adding home battery technology")
+        n.add("Carrier", "home battery")
+
+        n.madd(
+            "Bus",
+            nodes + " home battery",
+            location=nodes,
+            carrier="home battery",
+            unit="MWh_el",
+        )
+
+        n.madd(
+            "Store",
+            nodes + " home battery",
+            bus=nodes + " home battery",
+            location=nodes,
+            e_cyclic=True,
+            e_nom_extendable=True,
+            carrier="home battery",
+            capital_cost=costs.at["home battery storage", "fixed"],
+            lifetime=costs.at["battery storage", "lifetime"],
+        )
+
+        n.madd(
+            "Link",
+            nodes + " home battery charger",
+            bus0=nodes + " low voltage",
+            bus1=nodes + " home battery",
+            carrier="home battery charger",
+            efficiency=costs.at["battery inverter", "efficiency"] ** 0.5,
+            capital_cost=costs.at["home battery inverter", "fixed"],
+            p_nom_extendable=True,
+            lifetime=costs.at["battery inverter", "lifetime"],
+        )
+
+        n.madd(
+            "Link",
+            nodes + " home battery discharger",
+            bus0=nodes + " home battery",
+            bus1=nodes + " low voltage",
+            carrier="home battery discharger",
+            efficiency=costs.at["battery inverter", "efficiency"] ** 0.5,
+            marginal_cost=options["marginal_cost_storage"],
+            p_nom_extendable=True,
+            lifetime=costs.at["battery inverter", "lifetime"],
+        )
+
+
 # def add_co2limit(n, Nyears=1.0, limit=0.0):
 #     print("Adding CO2 budget limit as per unit of 1990 levels of", limit)
 
@@ -2950,6 +3085,9 @@ def remove_carrier_related_components(n, carriers_to_drop):
     add_residential(n, costs)
     add_services(n, costs)
 
+    if options.get("electricity_distribution_grid", False):
+        add_electricity_distribution_grid(n, costs)
+
     sopts = snakemake.wildcards.sopts.split("-")
 
     for o in sopts: