🚀 Reactify

Transform a mutable tree into a functional React-like API, in native Reason!

Why?

Reason is "react as originally intended", and the language provides excellent faculty for expressing a react-like function API, with built-in JSX support.

I often think of React purely in the context of web technologies / DOM, but the abstraction is really useful in other domains, too.

There are often cases where we either inherit some sort of mutable state tree (ie, the DOM), or when we create such a mutable structure for performance reasons (ie, a scene graph in a game engine). Having a functional API that always renders the entire tree is a way to reduce cognitive load, but for the DOM or a scene graph, it'd be too expensive to rebuild it all the time. So a react-like reconciler is useful for being able to express the tree in a stateless, purely functional way, but also reap the performance benefits of only mutating what needs to change.

Let's build a reconciler!

Quickstart

The way the library works is you implement a Module that implements some basic functionality:

This will be familiar if you've ever created a React reconciler before!

Step 1: Tell us about your primitives

First, let's pretend we're building a reconciler for a familiar domain - the HTML DOM. (You wouldn't really want to do this for production - you're better off using ReasonReact in that case!). But it's a good example of how a reconciler works end-to-end.

We'll start with an empty module:

+ module WebReconciler {
+
+ }

And we'll create a type t that is a variant specifying the different types of primitives. Primitives are the core building blocks of your reconciler - these correspond to raw dom nodes, or whatever base type you need for your reconciler.

Let's start it up with a few simple tags:

module WebReconciler {
+    type imageProps = {
+       src: string;
+    };
+
+    type t =
+    | Div
+    | Span
+    | Image(imageProps);
}

Step 2: Tell us your node type

The node is the type of the actual object we'll be working with in our mutable state tree. If we're using js_of_ocaml, we'd get access to the DOM elements via Dom_html.element - that's the type we'll use for our node.

module WebReconciler {
    type imageProps = {
       src: string;
    };

    type t =
    | Div
    | Span
    | Image(imageProps);

+    module Html = Dom_html;
+    type node = Dom_html.element;
}

Not too bad so far!

Step 3: Implement a create function

One of the most important jobs our reconciler has is to turn the primitive objects into real, living nodes. Let's implement that now!

module WebReconciler {
    type imageProps = {
       src: string;
    };

    type t =
    | Div
    | Span
    | Image(imageProps);

    type node = Dom_html.element;

+    let document = Html.window##.document;
+
+    let createInstance: t => node = (primitive) => {
+        switch(primitive) {
+        | Div => Html.createDiv(document);
+        | Span => Html.createSpan(document);
+        | Image(p) => 
+           let img = Html.createImage(document);
+           img.src = p.src;
+           img;
+        };
+    };
}

Note how easy pattern matching makes it to go from primitives to nodes.

Step 4: Implement remaining tree operations

For our reconciler to work, we also need to implement these operations:

• updateInstance
• appendChild
• removeChild
• replaceChild

Let's set those up!

module WebReconciler {
    type imageProps = {
       src: string;
    };

    type t =
    | Div
    | Span(string)
    | Image(imageProps);

    type node = Dom_html.element;

    let document = Html.window##.document;

    let createInstance: t => node = (primitive) => {
        switch(primitive) {
        | Div => Html.createDiv(document);
        | Span(t) => 
            let span = Html.createSpan(document);
            span##textContent = t;
        | Image(p) => 
           let img = Html.createImage(document);
           img##src = p.src;
           img;
        };
    };

+   let updateInstance = (node, oldPrimitive, newPrimitive) => {
+       switch ((oldState, newState)) => {
+       /* The only update operation we handle today is updating src for an image! */
+       | (Image(old), Image(new)) => node.src = new.src;
+       | _ => ();
+       };
+   };
+
+   let appendChild = (parentNode, childNode) => {
+       parentNode.appendChild(childNode);
+   };
+
+   let removeChild = (parentNode, childNode) => {
+       parentNode.removeChild(childNode);
+   };
+
+   let replaceChild = (parentNode, oldChild, newChild) => {
+       parentNode.replaceChild(oldChild, newChild);
+   };
}

Phew! That was a lot. Note that createInstance and updateInstance are operations that use primitives to pass around some context. In this case, we carry around a src property for Image, and we set it on createInstance and updateInstance. The other operations - appendChild, removeChild, and replaceChild are purely node operations. The internals of the reconciler handle the details of associating a primitive -> node.

Step 5: Hook it up

reactify provides a functor for building a React API from your reconciler:

+ module MyReact = Reactify.Make(WebReconciler);

We'll also want to define some primitive components:

+ let div = (~children, ()) => primitiveComponent(Div, ~children);
+ let span = (~children, ~text, ()) => primitiveComponent(Span(text), ~children);
+ let image = (~children, ~src, ()) => primitiveComponent(Image(src), ~children);

These primitives are the building blocks that we can start composing to build interesting things.

Cool!

Step 6: Use your API!

We have everything we need to start building things. Every Reactify'd API needs a container - this stores the current reconciliation state and allows us to do delta updates. We can create one like so:

Create / update a container

+ let container = MyReact.createContainer(Html.window##.document##body())
+ MyReact.updateContainer(container, <span text="Hello World" />):

Create custom components

API

• Custom Components
  • Hooks
    • useState
    • useEffect
  • Context

Examples

• Lambda_term

Usages

• Revery

Development

Install esy

esy is like npm for native code. If you don't have it already, install it by running:

npm install -g esy

Building

• esy install
• esy build

or build JS:

• esy build:js

Running Examples

• esy b dune build @examples

You can then run Lambda_term.exe in _build/default/examples

Running Tests

Native tests:

• esy test:native

JS tests:

• esy test:js

Limitations

• This project is not using a fiber-based renderer. In particular, that means the following limitations:
  • Custom components are constrained to returning a single element, to simplify reconciliation.
  • Updates are not suspendable / resumable. This may not be necessary with native-performance, but it would be nice to have.

License

This project is provided under the MIT License.

Copyright 2018 Bryan Phelps.

Additional Resources

• The API surface was inspired by the react-reconciler package. If you've worked with that before, the createContainer and updateContainer will be familiar.
• Related / helpful projects:
  • Didact: A DIY React Renderer - was really useful for learning!
  • ReactMini
  • BriskML has an expanded implementation of ReactMini: https://github.com/briskml/brisk/blob/master/core/lib/ReactCore_Internal.re