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AlphaFold

This package provides an implementation of the inference pipeline of AlphaFold v2.0. This is a completely new model that was entered in CASP14 and published in Nature. For simplicity, we refer to this model as AlphaFold throughout the rest of this document.

We also provide an implementation of AlphaFold-Multimer. This represents a work in progress and AlphaFold-Multimer isn't expected to be as stable as our monomer AlphaFold system. Read the guide for how to upgrade and update code.

Any publication that discloses findings arising from using this source code or the model parameters should cite the AlphaFold paper and, if applicable, the AlphaFold-Multimer paper.

Please also refer to the Supplementary Information for a detailed description of the method.

You can use a slightly simplified version of AlphaFold with this Colab notebook or community-supported versions (see below).

If you have any questions, please contact the AlphaFold team at [email protected].

CASP14 predictions

First time setup

The following steps are required in order to run AlphaFold:

  1. Install Docker.

  2. Download genetic databases (see below).

  3. Download model parameters (see below).

  4. Check that AlphaFold will be able to use a GPU by running:

    docker run --rm --gpus all nvidia/cuda:11.0-base nvidia-smi

    The output of this command should show a list of your GPUs. If it doesn't, check if you followed all steps correctly when setting up the NVIDIA Container Toolkit or take a look at the following NVIDIA Docker issue.

If you wish to run AlphaFold using Singularity (a common containerization platform on HPC systems) we recommend using some of the third party Singularity setups as linked in google-deepmind#10 or google-deepmind#24.

Genetic databases

This step requires aria2c to be installed on your machine.

AlphaFold needs multiple genetic (sequence) databases to run:

We provide a script scripts/download_all_data.sh that can be used to download and set up all of these databases:

  • Default:

    scripts/download_all_data.sh <DOWNLOAD_DIR>

    will download the full databases.

  • With reduced_dbs:

    scripts/download_all_data.sh <DOWNLOAD_DIR> reduced_dbs

    will download a reduced version of the databases to be used with the reduced_dbs database preset.

📒 Note: The download directory <DOWNLOAD_DIR> should not be a subdirectory in the AlphaFold repository directory. If it is, the Docker build will be slow as the large databases will be copied during the image creation.

We don't provide exactly the database versions used in CASP14 – see the note on reproducibility. Some of the databases are mirrored for speed, see mirrored databases.

📒 Note: The total download size for the full databases is around 415 GB and the total size when unzipped is 2.2 TB. Please make sure you have a large enough hard drive space, bandwidth and time to download. We recommend using an SSD for better genetic search performance.

The download_all_data.sh script will also download the model parameter files. Once the script has finished, you should have the following directory structure:

$DOWNLOAD_DIR/                             # Total: ~ 2.2 TB (download: 438 GB)
    bfd/                                   # ~ 1.7 TB (download: 271.6 GB)
        # 6 files.
    mgnify/                                # ~ 64 GB (download: 32.9 GB)
        mgy_clusters_2018_12.fa
    params/                                # ~ 3.5 GB (download: 3.5 GB)
        # 5 CASP14 models,
        # 5 pTM models,
        # 5 AlphaFold-Multimer models,
        # LICENSE,
        # = 16 files.
    pdb70/                                 # ~ 56 GB (download: 19.5 GB)
        # 9 files.
    pdb_mmcif/                             # ~ 206 GB (download: 46 GB)
        mmcif_files/
            # About 180,000 .cif files.
        obsolete.dat
    pdb_seqres/                            # ~ 0.2 GB (download: 0.2 GB)
        pdb_seqres.txt
    small_bfd/                             # ~ 17 GB (download: 9.6 GB)
        bfd-first_non_consensus_sequences.fasta
    uniclust30/                            # ~ 86 GB (download: 24.9 GB)
        uniclust30_2018_08/
            # 13 files.
    uniprot/                               # ~ 98.3 GB (download: 49 GB)
        uniprot.fasta
    uniref90/                              # ~ 58 GB (download: 29.7 GB)
        uniref90.fasta

bfd/ is only downloaded if you download the full databases, and small_bfd/ is only downloaded if you download the reduced databases.

Model parameters

While the AlphaFold code is licensed under the Apache 2.0 License, the AlphaFold parameters are made available under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. Please see the Disclaimer below for more detail.

The AlphaFold parameters are available from https://storage.googleapis.com/alphafold/alphafold_params_2022-03-02.tar, and are downloaded as part of the scripts/download_all_data.sh script. This script will download parameters for:

  • 5 models which were used during CASP14, and were extensively validated for structure prediction quality (see Jumper et al. 2021, Suppl. Methods 1.12 for details).
  • 5 pTM models, which were fine-tuned to produce pTM (predicted TM-score) and (PAE) predicted aligned error values alongside their structure predictions (see Jumper et al. 2021, Suppl. Methods 1.9.7 for details).
  • 5 AlphaFold-Multimer models that produce pTM and PAE values alongside their structure predictions.

Updating existing AlphaFold installation to include AlphaFold-Multimers

If you have AlphaFold v2.0.0 or v2.0.1 you can either reinstall AlphaFold fully from scratch (remove everything and run the setup from scratch) or you can do an incremental update that will be significantly faster but will require a bit more work. Make sure you follow these steps in the exact order they are listed below:

  1. Update the code.
    • Go to the directory with the cloned AlphaFold repository and run git fetch origin main to get all code updates.
  2. Download the UniProt and PDB seqres databases.
    • Run scripts/download_uniprot.sh <DOWNLOAD_DIR>.
    • Remove <DOWNLOAD_DIR>/pdb_mmcif. It is needed to have PDB SeqRes and PDB from exactly the same date. Failure to do this step will result in potential errors when searching for templates when running AlphaFold-Multimer.
    • Run scripts/download_pdb_mmcif.sh <DOWNLOAD_DIR>.
    • Run scripts/download_pdb_seqres.sh <DOWNLOAD_DIR>.
  3. Update the model parameters.
    • Remove the old model parameters in <DOWNLOAD_DIR>/params.
    • Download new model parameters using scripts/download_alphafold_params.sh <DOWNLOAD_DIR>.
  4. Follow Running AlphaFold.

API changes between v2.0.0 and v2.1.0

We tried to keep the API as much backwards compatible as possible, but we had to change the following:

  • The RunModel.predict() now needs a random_seed argument as MSA sampling happens inside the Multimer model.
  • The preset flag in run_alphafold.py and run_docker.py was split into db_preset and model_preset.
  • The models to use are not specified using model_names but rather using the model_preset flag. If you want to customize which models are used for each preset, you will have to modify the the MODEL_PRESETS dictionary in alphafold/model/config.py.
  • Setting the data_dir flag is now needed when using run_docker.py.

API changes between v2.1.0 and v2.2.0

The AlphaFold-Multimer model weights have been updated, these new models have greatly reduced numbers of clashes on average and are slightly more accurate.

A flag --num_multimer_predictions_per_model has been added that controls how many predictions will be made per model, by default the offline system will run each model 5 times for a total of 25 predictions.

The --is_prokaryote_list flag has been removed along with the is_prokaryote argument in run_alphafold.predict_structure(), eukaryotes and prokaryotes are now paired in the same way.

To use the deprecated v2.1.0 AlphaFold-Multimer model weights:

  1. Change SOURCE_URL in scripts/download_alphafold_params.sh to https://storage.googleapis.com/alphafold/alphafold_params_2022-01-19.tar, and download the old parameters.
  2. Remove the _v2 in the multimer MODEL_PRESETS in config.py.

Running AlphaFold

The simplest way to run AlphaFold is using the provided Docker script. This was tested on Google Cloud with a machine using the nvidia-gpu-cloud-image with 12 vCPUs, 85 GB of RAM, a 100 GB boot disk, the databases on an additional 3 TB disk, and an A100 GPU.

  1. Clone this repository and cd into it.

    git clone https://github.com/deepmind/alphafold.git

  2. Build the Docker image:

    docker build -f docker/Dockerfile -t alphafold .

    If you encounter the following error:

    W: GPG error: https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64 InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY A4B469963BF863CC
E: The repository 'https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64 InRelease' is not signed.

    use the workaround described in google-deepmind#463 (comment).

  3. Install the run_docker.py dependencies. Note: You may optionally wish to create a Python Virtual Environment to prevent conflicts with your system's Python environment.

    pip3 install -r docker/requirements.txt

  4. Make sure that the output directory exists (the default is /tmp/alphafold) and that you have sufficient permissions to write into it. You can make sure that is the case by manually running mkdir /tmp/alphafold and chmod 770 /tmp/alphafold.

  5. Run run_docker.py pointing to a FASTA file containing the protein sequence(s) for which you wish to predict the structure. If you are predicting the structure of a protein that is already in PDB and you wish to avoid using it as a template, then max_template_date must be set to be before the release date of the structure. You must also provide the path to the directory containing the downloaded databases. For example, for the T1050 CASP14 target:

    python3 docker/run_docker.py \
  --fasta_paths=T1050.fasta \
  --max_template_date=2020-05-14 \
  --data_dir=$DOWNLOAD_DIR

    By default, Alphafold will attempt to use all visible GPU devices. To use a subset, specify a comma-separated list of GPU UUID(s) or index(es) using the --gpu_devices flag. See GPU enumeration for more details.

  6. You can control which AlphaFold model to run by adding the --model_preset= flag. We provide the following models:

    • monomer: This is the original model used at CASP14 with no ensembling.

    • monomer_casp14: This is the original model used at CASP14 with num_ensemble=8, matching our CASP14 configuration. This is largely provided for reproducibility as it is 8x more computationally expensive for limited accuracy gain (+0.1 average GDT gain on CASP14 domains).

    • monomer_ptm: This is the original CASP14 model fine tuned with the pTM head, providing a pairwise confidence measure. It is slightly less accurate than the normal monomer model.

    • multimer: This is the AlphaFold-Multimer model. To use this model, provide a multi-sequence FASTA file. In addition, the UniProt database should have been downloaded.

  7. You can control MSA speed/quality tradeoff by adding --db_preset=reduced_dbs or --db_preset=full_dbs to the run command. We provide the following presets:

    • reduced_dbs: This preset is optimized for speed and lower hardware requirements. It runs with a reduced version of the BFD database. It requires 8 CPU cores (vCPUs), 8 GB of RAM, and 600 GB of disk space.

    • full_dbs: This runs with all genetic databases used at CASP14.

    Running the command above with the monomer model preset and the reduced_dbs data preset would look like this:

    python3 docker/run_docker.py \
  --fasta_paths=T1050.fasta \
  --max_template_date=2020-05-14 \
  --model_preset=monomer \
  --db_preset=reduced_dbs \
  --data_dir=$DOWNLOAD_DIR

Running AlphaFold-Multimer

All steps are the same as when running the monomer system, but you will have to

  • provide an input fasta with multiple sequences,
  • set --model_preset=multimer,

An example that folds a protein complex multimer.fasta:

python3 docker/run_docker.py \
  --fasta_paths=multimer.fasta \
  --max_template_date=2020-05-14 \
  --model_preset=multimer \
  --data_dir=$DOWNLOAD_DIR

By default the multimer system will run 5 seeds per model (25 total predictions) for a small drop in accuracy you may wish to run a single seed per model. This can be done via the --num_multimer_predictions_per_model flag, e.g. set it to --num_multimer_predictions_per_model=1 to run a single seed per model.

Examples

Below are examples on how to use AlphaFold in different scenarios.

Folding a monomer

Say we have a monomer with the sequence <SEQUENCE>. The input fasta should be:

>sequence_name
<SEQUENCE>

Then run the following command:

python3 docker/run_docker.py \
  --fasta_paths=monomer.fasta \
  --max_template_date=2021-11-01 \
  --model_preset=monomer \
  --data_dir=$DOWNLOAD_DIR

Folding a homomer

Say we have a homomer with 3 copies of the same sequence <SEQUENCE>. The input fasta should be:

>sequence_1
<SEQUENCE>
>sequence_2
<SEQUENCE>
>sequence_3
<SEQUENCE>

Then run the following command:

python3 docker/run_docker.py \
  --fasta_paths=homomer.fasta \
  --max_template_date=2021-11-01 \
  --model_preset=multimer \
  --data_dir=$DOWNLOAD_DIR

Folding a heteromer

Say we have an A2B3 heteromer, i.e. with 2 copies of <SEQUENCE A> and 3 copies of <SEQUENCE B>. The input fasta should be:

>sequence_1
<SEQUENCE A>
>sequence_2
<SEQUENCE A>
>sequence_3
<SEQUENCE B>
>sequence_4
<SEQUENCE B>
>sequence_5
<SEQUENCE B>

Then run the following command:

python3 docker/run_docker.py \
  --fasta_paths=heteromer.fasta \
  --max_template_date=2021-11-01 \
  --model_preset=multimer \
  --data_dir=$DOWNLOAD_DIR

Folding multiple monomers one after another

Say we have a two monomers, monomer1.fasta and monomer2.fasta.

We can fold both sequentially by using the following command:

python3 docker/run_docker.py \
  --fasta_paths=monomer1.fasta,monomer2.fasta \
  --max_template_date=2021-11-01 \
  --model_preset=monomer \
  --data_dir=$DOWNLOAD_DIR

Folding multiple multimers one after another

Say we have a two multimers, multimer1.fasta and multimer2.fasta.

We can fold both sequentially by using the following command:

python3 docker/run_docker.py \
  --fasta_paths=multimer1.fasta,multimer2.fasta \
  --max_template_date=2021-11-01 \
  --model_preset=multimer \
  --data_dir=$DOWNLOAD_DIR

AlphaFold output

The outputs will be saved in a subdirectory of the directory provided via the --output_dir flag of run_docker.py (defaults to /tmp/alphafold/). The outputs include the computed MSAs, unrelaxed structures, relaxed structures, ranked structures, raw model outputs, prediction metadata, and section timings. The --output_dir directory will have the following structure:

<target_name>/
    features.pkl
    ranked_{0,1,2,3,4}.pdb
    ranking_debug.json
    relaxed_model_{1,2,3,4,5}.pdb
    result_model_{1,2,3,4,5}.pkl
    timings.json
    unrelaxed_model_{1,2,3,4,5}.pdb
    msas/
        bfd_uniclust_hits.a3m
        mgnify_hits.sto
        uniref90_hits.sto

The contents of each output file are as follows:

  • features.pkl – A pickle file containing the input feature NumPy arrays used by the models to produce the structures.

  • unrelaxed_model_*.pdb – A PDB format text file containing the predicted structure, exactly as outputted by the model.

  • relaxed_model_*.pdb – A PDB format text file containing the predicted structure, after performing an Amber relaxation procedure on the unrelaxed structure prediction (see Jumper et al. 2021, Suppl. Methods 1.8.6 for details).

  • ranked_*.pdb – A PDB format text file containing the relaxed predicted structures, after reordering by model confidence. Here ranked_0.pdb should contain the prediction with the highest confidence, and ranked_4.pdb the prediction with the lowest confidence. To rank model confidence, we use predicted LDDT (pLDDT) scores (see Jumper et al. 2021, Suppl. Methods 1.9.6 for details).

  • ranking_debug.json – A JSON format text file containing the pLDDT values used to perform the model ranking, and a mapping back to the original model names.

  • timings.json – A JSON format text file containing the times taken to run each section of the AlphaFold pipeline.

  • msas/ - A directory containing the files describing the various genetic tool hits that were used to construct the input MSA.

  • result_model_*.pkl – A pickle file containing a nested dictionary of the various NumPy arrays directly produced by the model. In addition to the output of the structure module, this includes auxiliary outputs such as:

    • Distograms (distogram/logits contains a NumPy array of shape [N_res, N_res, N_bins] and distogram/bin_edges contains the definition of the bins).
    • Per-residue pLDDT scores (plddt contains a NumPy array of shape [N_res] with the range of possible values from 0 to 100, where 100 means most confident). This can serve to identify sequence regions predicted with high confidence or as an overall per-target confidence score when averaged across residues.
    • Present only if using pTM models: predicted TM-score (ptm field contains a scalar). As a predictor of a global superposition metric, this score is designed to also assess whether the model is confident in the overall domain packing.
    • Present only if using pTM models: predicted pairwise aligned errors (predicted_aligned_error contains a NumPy array of shape [N_res, N_res] with the range of possible values from 0 to max_predicted_aligned_error, where 0 means most confident). This can serve for a visualisation of domain packing confidence within the structure.

The pLDDT confidence measure is stored in the B-factor field of the output PDB files (although unlike a B-factor, higher pLDDT is better, so care must be taken when using for tasks such as molecular replacement).

This code has been tested to match mean top-1 accuracy on a CASP14 test set with pLDDT ranking over 5 model predictions (some CASP targets were run with earlier versions of AlphaFold and some had manual interventions; see our forthcoming publication for details). Some targets such as T1064 may also have high individual run variance over random seeds.

Inferencing many proteins

The provided inference script is optimized for predicting the structure of a single protein, and it will compile the neural network to be specialized to exactly the size of the sequence, MSA, and templates. For large proteins, the compile time is a negligible fraction of the runtime, but it may become more significant for small proteins or if the multi-sequence alignments are already precomputed. In the bulk inference case, it may make sense to use our make_fixed_size function to pad the inputs to a uniform size, thereby reducing the number of compilations required.

We do not provide a bulk inference script, but it should be straightforward to develop on top of the RunModel.predict method with a parallel system for precomputing multi-sequence alignments. Alternatively, this script can be run repeatedly with only moderate overhead.

Note on CASP14 reproducibility

AlphaFold's output for a small number of proteins has high inter-run variance, and may be affected by changes in the input data. The CASP14 target T1064 is a notable example; the large number of SARS-CoV-2-related sequences recently deposited changes its MSA significantly. This variability is somewhat mitigated by the model selection process; running 5 models and taking the most confident.

To reproduce the results of our CASP14 system as closely as possible you must use the same database versions we used in CASP. These may not match the default versions downloaded by our scripts.

For genetics:

For templates:

An alternative for templates is to use the latest PDB and PDB70, but pass the flag --max_template_date=2020-05-14, which restricts templates only to structures that were available at the start of CASP14.

Citing this work

If you use the code or data in this package, please cite:

@Article{AlphaFold2021,
  author  = {Jumper, John and Evans, Richard and Pritzel, Alexander and Green, Tim and Figurnov, Michael and Ronneberger, Olaf and Tunyasuvunakool, Kathryn and Bates, Russ and {\v{Z}}{\'\i}dek, Augustin and Potapenko, Anna and Bridgland, Alex and Meyer, Clemens and Kohl, Simon A A and Ballard, Andrew J and Cowie, Andrew and Romera-Paredes, Bernardino and Nikolov, Stanislav and Jain, Rishub and Adler, Jonas and Back, Trevor and Petersen, Stig and Reiman, David and Clancy, Ellen and Zielinski, Michal and Steinegger, Martin and Pacholska, Michalina and Berghammer, Tamas and Bodenstein, Sebastian and Silver, David and Vinyals, Oriol and Senior, Andrew W and Kavukcuoglu, Koray and Kohli, Pushmeet and Hassabis, Demis},
  journal = {Nature},
  title   = {Highly accurate protein structure prediction with {AlphaFold}},
  year    = {2021},
  volume  = {596},
  number  = {7873},
  pages   = {583--589},
  doi     = {10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2}
}

In addition, if you use the AlphaFold-Multimer mode, please cite:

@article {AlphaFold-Multimer2021,
  author       = {Evans, Richard and O{\textquoteright}Neill, Michael and Pritzel, Alexander and Antropova, Natasha and Senior, Andrew and Green, Tim and {\v{Z}}{\'\i}dek, Augustin and Bates, Russ and Blackwell, Sam and Yim, Jason and Ronneberger, Olaf and Bodenstein, Sebastian and Zielinski, Michal and Bridgland, Alex and Potapenko, Anna and Cowie, Andrew and Tunyasuvunakool, Kathryn and Jain, Rishub and Clancy, Ellen and Kohli, Pushmeet and Jumper, John and Hassabis, Demis},
  journal      = {bioRxiv}
  title        = {Protein complex prediction with AlphaFold-Multimer},
  year         = {2021},
  elocation-id = {2021.10.04.463034},
  doi          = {10.1101/2021.10.04.463034},
  URL          = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/04/2021.10.04.463034},
  eprint       = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/04/2021.10.04.463034.full.pdf},
}

Community contributions

Colab notebooks provided by the community (please note that these notebooks may vary from our full AlphaFold system and we did not validate their accuracy):

Acknowledgements

AlphaFold communicates with and/or references the following separate libraries and packages:

We thank all their contributors and maintainers!

Get in Touch

If you have any questions not covered in this overview, please contact the AlphaFold team at [email protected].

We would love to hear your feedback and understand how AlphaFold has been useful in your research. Share your stories with us at [email protected].

License and Disclaimer

This is not an officially supported Google product.

Copyright 2021 DeepMind Technologies Limited.

AlphaFold Code License

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

Model Parameters License

The AlphaFold parameters are made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. You can find details at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

Third-party software

Use of the third-party software, libraries or code referred to in the Acknowledgements section above may be governed by separate terms and conditions or license provisions. Your use of the third-party software, libraries or code is subject to any such terms and you should check that you can comply with any applicable restrictions or terms and conditions before use.

Mirrored Databases

The following databases have been mirrored by DeepMind, and are available with reference to the following:

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