Bert.cpp has been integrated into llama.cpp! See ggerganov/llama.cpp#5423 and the discussions

Updated forks: iamlemec/bert.cpp xyzhang626/embeddings.cpp

bert.cpp

ggml inference of BERT neural net architecture with pooling and normalization from SentenceTransformers (sbert.net). High quality sentence embeddings in pure C++ (with C API).

Description

The main goal of bert.cpp is to run the BERT model using 4-bit integer quantization on CPU

• Plain C/C++ implementation without dependencies
• Inherit support for various architectures from ggml (x86 with AVX2, ARM, etc.)
• Choose your model size from 32/16/4 bits per model weigth
• all-MiniLM-L6-v2 with 4bit quantization is only 14MB. Inference RAM usage depends on the length of the input
• Sample cpp server over tcp socket and a python test client
• Benchmarks to validate correctness and speed of inference

Limitations & TODO

• Tokenizer doesn't correctly handle asian writing (CJK, maybe others)
• bert.cpp doesn't respect tokenizer, pooling or normalization settings from the model card:
  • All inputs are lowercased and trimmed
  • All outputs are mean pooled and normalized
• Batching support is WIP. Lack of real batching means that this library is slower than it could be in usecases where you have multiple sentences

Usage

Checkout the ggml submodule

git submodule update --init --recursive

Download models

pip3 install -r requirements.txt
# python3 models/download-ggml.py list_models
python3 models/download-ggml.py download all-MiniLM-L6-v2 q4_0

Build

To build the dynamic library for usage from e.g. Python:

mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
make
cd ..

To build the native binaries, like the example server, with static libraries, run:

mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
make
cd ..

Run the python dynamic library example

python3 examples/sample_dylib.py models/all-MiniLM-L6-v2/ggml-model-f16.bin

# bert_load_from_file: loading model from '../models/all-MiniLM-L6-v2/ggml-model-f16.bin' - please wait ...
# bert_load_from_file: n_vocab = 30522
# bert_load_from_file: n_max_tokens   = 512
# bert_load_from_file: n_embd  = 384
# bert_load_from_file: n_intermediate  = 1536
# bert_load_from_file: n_head  = 12
# bert_load_from_file: n_layer = 6
# bert_load_from_file: f16     = 1
# bert_load_from_file: ggml ctx size =  43.12 MB
# bert_load_from_file: ............ done
# bert_load_from_file: model size =    43.10 MB / num tensors = 101
# bert_load_from_file: mem_per_token 450 KB
# Loading texts from sample_client_texts.txt...
# Loaded 1738 lines.
# Starting with a test query "Should I get health insurance?"
# Closest texts:
# 1. Can I sign up for Medicare Part B if I am working and have health insurance through an employer?
#  (similarity score: 0.4790)
# 2. Will my Medicare premiums be higher because of my higher income?
#  (similarity score: 0.4633)
# 3. Should I sign up for Medicare Part B if I have Veterans' Benefits?
#  (similarity score: 0.4208)
# Enter a text to find similar texts (enter 'q' to quit): poaching
# Closest texts:
# 1. The exotic animal trade is enormous , and it continues to spiral out of control .
#  (similarity score: 0.2825)
# 2. " PeopleSoft management entrenchment tactics continue to destroy the value of the company for its shareholders , " said Deborah Lilienthal , an Oracle spokeswoman .
#  (similarity score: 0.2709)
# 3. " I 've stopped looters , run political parties out of abandoned buildings , caught people with large amounts of cash and weapons , " Williams said .
#  (similarity score: 0.2672)

Start sample server

./build/bin/server -m models/all-MiniLM-L6-v2/ggml-model-q4_0.bin --port 8085

# bert_model_load: loading model from 'models/all-MiniLM-L6-v2/ggml-model-q4_0.bin' - please wait ...
# bert_model_load: n_vocab = 30522
# bert_model_load: n_ctx   = 512
# bert_model_load: n_embd  = 384
# bert_model_load: n_intermediate  = 1536
# bert_model_load: n_head  = 12
# bert_model_load: n_layer = 6
# bert_model_load: f16     = 2
# bert_model_load: ggml ctx size =  13.57 MB
# bert_model_load: ............ done
# bert_model_load: model size =    13.55 MB / num tensors = 101
# Server running on port 8085 with 4 threads
# Waiting for a client

Run sample client

python3 examples/sample_client.py 8085
# Loading texts from sample_client_texts.txt...
# Loaded 1738 lines.
# Starting with a test query "Should I get health insurance?"
# Closest texts:
# 1. Will my Medicare premiums be higher because of my higher income?
#  (similarity score: 0.4844)
# 2. Can I sign up for Medicare Part B if I am working and have health insurance through an employer?
#  (similarity score: 0.4575)
# 3. Should I sign up for Medicare Part B if I have Veterans' Benefits?
#  (similarity score: 0.4052)
# Enter a text to find similar texts (enter 'q' to quit): expensive
# Closest texts:
# 1. It is priced at $ 5,995 for an unlimited number of users tapping into the single processor , or $ 195 per user with a minimum of five users .
#  (similarity score: 0.4597)
# 2. The new system costs between $ 1.1 million and $ 22 million , depending on configuration .
#  (similarity score: 0.4547)
# 3. Each hull will cost about $ 1.4 billion , with each fully outfitted submarine costing about $ 2.2 billion , Young said .
#  (similarity score: 0.4078)

Converting models to ggml format

Converting models is similar to llama.cpp. Use models/convert-to-ggml.py to make hf models into either f32 or f16 ggml models. Then use ./build/bin/quantize to turn those into Q4_0, 4bit per weight models.

There is also models/run_conversions.sh which creates all 4 versions (f32, f16, Q4_0, Q4_1) at once.

cd models
# Clone a model from hf
git clone https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/multi-qa-MiniLM-L6-cos-v1
# Run conversions to 4 ggml formats (f32, f16, Q4_0, Q4_1)
sh run_conversions.sh multi-qa-MiniLM-L6-cos-v1

Benchmarks

Running MTEB (Massive Text Embedding Benchmark) with bert.cpp vs. sbert(cpu mode) gives comparable results between the two, with quantization having minimal effect on accuracy and eval time being similar or better than sbert with batch_size=1 (bert.cpp doesn't support batching).

See benchmarks more info.

all-MiniLM-L6-v2

Data Type	STSBenchmark	eval time	EmotionClassification	eval time
f32	0.8201	6.83	0.4082	11.34
f16	0.8201	6.17	0.4085	10.28
q4_0	0.8175	5.45	0.3911	10.63
q4_1	0.8223	6.79	0.4027	11.41
sbert	0.8203	2.74	0.4085	5.56
sbert-batchless	0.8203	13.10	0.4085	15.52

all-MiniLM-L12-v2

Data Type	STSBenchmark	eval time	EmotionClassification	eval time
f32	0.8306	13.36	0.4117	21.23
f16	0.8306	11.51	0.4119	20.08
q4_0	0.8310	11.27	0.4183	20.81
q4_1	0.8325	12.37	0.4093	19.38
sbert	0.8309	5.11	0.4117	8.93
sbert-batchless	0.8309	22.81	0.4117	28.04

bert-base-uncased

bert-base-uncased is not a very good sentence embeddings model, but it's here to show that bert.cpp correctly runs models that are not from SentenceTransformers. Technically any hf model with architecture BertModel or BertForMaskedLM should work.

Data Type	STSBenchmark	eval time	EmotionClassification	eval time
f32	0.4738	52.38	0.3361	88.56
f16	0.4739	33.24	0.3361	55.86
q4_0	0.4940	33.93	0.3375	57.82
q4_1	0.4612	36.86	0.3318	59.63
sbert	0.4729	16.97	0.3527	28.77
sbert-batchless	0.4729	69.97	0.3526	79.02