vectorbt is a backtesting library on steroids - it operates entirely on pandas and NumPy objects, and is accelerated by Numba to analyze time series at speed and scale 🔥
In contrast to conventional libraries, vectorbt represents any data as nd-arrays. This enables superfast computation using vectorized operations with NumPy and non-vectorized but dynamically compiled operations with Numba. It also integrates plotly.py and ipywidgets to display complex charts and dashboards akin to Tableau right in the Jupyter notebook. Due to high performance, vectorbt is able to process large amounts of data even without GPU and parallelization, and enable the user to interact with data-hungry widgets without significant delays.
With vectorbt you can
- Analyze time series and engineer new features
- Supercharge pandas and your favorite tools to run much faster
- Test many trading strategies, configurations, assets, and periods in one go
- Test machine learning models
- Build interactive charts/dashboards without leaving Jupyter
pip install vectorbtTo also install optional dependencies:
pip install vectorbt[full]See License notes on optional dependencies.
Troubleshooting:
You can start backtesting with just a couple of lines.
Here is how much profit we would have made if we invested $100 into Bitcoin in 2014 and held (Note: first time compiling with Numba may take a while):
import vectorbt as vbt
price = vbt.YFData.download('BTC-USD').get('Close')
portfolio = vbt.Portfolio.from_holding(price, init_cash=100)
portfolio.total_profit()8412.436065824717
The crossover of 10-day SMA and 50-day SMA under the same conditions:
fast_ma = vbt.MA.run(price, 10)
slow_ma = vbt.MA.run(price, 50)
entries = fast_ma.ma_above(slow_ma, crossover=True)
exits = fast_ma.ma_below(slow_ma, crossover=True)
portfolio = vbt.Portfolio.from_signals(price, entries, exits, init_cash=100)
portfolio.total_profit()12642.617149066731
Quickly assessing the performance of 1000 random signal strategies on BTC and ETH:
import numpy as np
symbols = ["BTC-USD", "ETH-USD"]
price = vbt.YFData.download(symbols, missing_index='drop').get('Close')
n = np.random.randint(10, 101, size=1000).tolist()
portfolio = vbt.Portfolio.from_random_signals(price, n=n, init_cash=100, seed=42)
mean_expectancy = portfolio.trades.expectancy().groupby(['rand_n', 'symbol']).mean()
fig = mean_expectancy.unstack().vbt.scatterplot(xaxis_title='rand_n', yaxis_title='mean_expectancy')
fig.show()
For fans of hyperparameter optimization, here is a snippet for testing 10000 window combinations of a dual SMA crossover strategy on BTC, USD and LTC:
symbols = ["BTC-USD", "ETH-USD", "LTC-USD"]
price = vbt.YFData.download(symbols, missing_index='drop').get('Close')
windows = np.arange(2, 101)
fast_ma, slow_ma = vbt.MA.run_combs(price, window=windows, r=2, short_names=['fast', 'slow'])
entries = fast_ma.ma_above(slow_ma, crossover=True)
exits = fast_ma.ma_below(slow_ma, crossover=True)
portfolio_kwargs = dict(size=np.inf, fees=0.001, freq='1D')
portfolio = vbt.Portfolio.from_signals(price, entries, exits, **portfolio_kwargs)
fig = portfolio.total_return().vbt.heatmap(
x_level='fast_window', y_level='slow_window', slider_level='symbol', symmetric=True,
trace_kwargs=dict(colorbar=dict(title='Total return', tickformat='%')))
fig.show()
Digging into each strategy configuration is as simple as indexing with pandas:
portfolio[(10, 20, 'ETH-USD')].stats()Start 2015-08-07 00:00:00
End 2021-03-12 00:00:00
Duration 2041 days 00:00:00
Init. Cash 100
Total Profit 679765
Total Return [%] 679765
Benchmark Return [%] 63250.5
Position Coverage [%] 55.463
Max. Drawdown [%] 70.735
Avg. Drawdown [%] 12.0311
Max. Drawdown Duration 760 days 00:00:00
Avg. Drawdown Duration 28 days 20:03:34.925373134
Num. Trades 49
Win Rate [%] 55.102
Best Trade [%] 1075.8
Worst Trade [%] -29.5934
Avg. Trade [%] 49.0573
Max. Trade Duration 80 days 00:00:00
Avg. Trade Duration 23 days 01:28:09.795918367
Expectancy 14440.6
SQN 1.70339
Gross Exposure 0.55463
Sharpe Ratio 2.16534
Sortino Ratio 3.81088
Calmar Ratio 5.43694
Name: (10, 20, ETH-USD), dtype: object
portfolio[(10, 20, 'ETH-USD')].plot().show()
It's not all about backtesting - vectorbt can be used to facilitate financial data analysis and visualization. Let's generate a GIF that animates the %B and bandwidth of Bollinger Bands for different symbols:
symbols = ["BTC-USD", "ETH-USD", "ADA-USD"]
price = vbt.YFData.download(symbols, period='6mo', missing_index='drop').get('Close')
bbands = vbt.BBANDS.run(price)
def plot(index, bbands):
bbands = bbands.loc[index]
fig = vbt.make_subplots(
rows=5, cols=1, shared_xaxes=True,
row_heights=[*[0.5 / 3] * len(symbols), 0.25, 0.25], vertical_spacing=0.05,
subplot_titles=(*symbols, '%B', 'Bandwidth'))
fig.update_layout(template=vbt.settings.dark_template, showlegend=False, width=750, height=650)
for i, symbol in enumerate(symbols):
bbands.close[symbol].vbt.lineplot(add_trace_kwargs=dict(row=i + 1, col=1), fig=fig)
bbands.percent_b.vbt.ts_heatmap(
trace_kwargs=dict(zmin=0, zmid=0.5, zmax=1, colorscale='Spectral', colorbar=dict(
y=(fig.layout.yaxis4.domain[0] + fig.layout.yaxis4.domain[1]) / 2, len=0.2
)), add_trace_kwargs=dict(row=4, col=1), fig=fig)
bbands.bandwidth.vbt.ts_heatmap(
trace_kwargs=dict(colorbar=dict(
y=(fig.layout.yaxis5.domain[0] + fig.layout.yaxis5.domain[1]) / 2, len=0.2
)), add_trace_kwargs=dict(row=5, col=1), fig=fig)
return fig
vbt.save_animation('bbands.gif', bbands.wrapper.index, plot, bbands, delta=90, step=3, fps=3)100%|██████████| 31/31 [00:21<00:00, 1.21it/s]
While there are many great backtesting packages for Python, vectorbt combines an extremely fast backtester and a data science tool: it excels at processing performance and offers interactive tools to explore complex phenomena in trading. With it, you can traverse a huge number of strategy configurations, time periods, and instruments in little time, to explore where your strategy performs best and to uncover hidden patterns in data.
vectorbt combines pandas, NumPy and Numba sauce to obtain orders-of-magnitude speedup over other libraries. It natively works on pandas objects, while performing all computations using NumPy and Numba under the hood. This way, it is often much faster than pandas alone:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import vectorbt as vbt
>>> big_ts = pd.DataFrame(np.random.uniform(size=(1000, 1000)))
# pandas
>>> %timeit big_ts.expanding().max()
48.4 ms ± 557 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
# vectorbt
>>> %timeit big_ts.vbt.expanding_max()
8.82 ms ± 121 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
In contrast to most other similar backtesting libraries where backtesting is limited to simple arrays (price, signals, etc.), vectorbt is optimized for working with multi-dimensional data: it treats index of a DataFrame as time axis and columns as distinct features that should be backtest, and performs computations on the entire matrix at once, without slow Python loops.
To make the library easier to use, vectorbt introduces a namespace (accessor) to pandas objects (see extending pandas). This way, user can easily switch between pandas and vectorbt functionality. Moreover, each vectorbt method is flexible towards inputs and can work on both Series and DataFrames.
- Extends pandas using a custom
vbtaccessor -> Compatible with any library - For high performance, most operations are done strictly using NumPy and Numba -> Much faster than comparable operations in pandas
# pandas
>>> %timeit big_ts + 1
242 ms ± 3.58 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
# vectorbt
>>> %timeit big_ts.vbt + 1
3.32 ms ± 19.7 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
- Functions for combining, transforming, and indexing NumPy and pandas objects
- NumPy-like broadcasting for pandas, among other features
# pandas
>>> pd.Series([1, 2, 3]) + pd.DataFrame([[1, 2, 3]])
0 1 2
0 2 4 6
# vectorbt
>>> pd.Series([1, 2, 3]).vbt + pd.DataFrame([[1, 2, 3]])
0 1 2
0 2 3 4
1 3 4 5
2 4 5 6
- Compiled versions of common pandas functions, such as rolling, groupby, and resample
# pandas
>>> %timeit big_ts.rolling(2).apply(np.mean, raw=True)
7.32 s ± 431 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
# vectorbt
>>> mean_nb = njit(lambda col, i, x: np.mean(x))
>>> %timeit big_ts.vbt.rolling_apply(2, mean_nb)
86.2 ms ± 7.97 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
- Splitting functions for time series cross-validation
- Supports scikit-learn splitters
>>> pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]).vbt.expanding_split()[0]
split_idx 0 1 2 3 4
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1
1 NaN 2.0 2.0 2.0 2
2 NaN NaN 3.0 3.0 3
3 NaN NaN NaN 4.0 4
4 NaN NaN NaN NaN 5
- Drawdown analysis
>>> pd.Series([2, 1, 3, 2]).vbt.drawdowns.plot().show()
- Functions for working with signals
- Entry, exit, and random signal generators
- Ranking and distance functions
>>> pd.Series([False, True, True, True]).vbt.signals.first()
0 False
1 True
2 False
3 False
dtype: bool
- Signal factory for building iterative signal generators
- Includes basic generators such for random signal generation
>>> rand = vbt.RAND.run(n=[0, 1, 2], input_shape=(6,), seed=42)
>>> rand.entries
rand_n 0 1 2
0 False True True
1 False False False
2 False False False
3 False False True
4 False False False
5 False False False
>>> rand.exits
rand_n 0 1 2
0 False False False
1 False False True
2 False False False
3 False True False
4 False False True
5 False False False
- Functions for working with returns
- Numba-compiled versions of metrics found in empyrical
- Rolling versions of most metrics
>>> pd.Series([0.01, -0.01, 0.01]).vbt.returns(freq='1D').sharpe_ratio()
5.515130702591433
- Class for modeling portfolios
- Accepts signals, orders, and custom order function
- Supports long and short positions
- Supports individual and multi-asset mixed portfolios
- Offers metrics and tools for analyzing returns, orders, trades and positions
- Allows saving and loading from disk using dill
>>> price = [1., 2., 3., 2., 1.]
>>> entries = [True, False, True, False, False]
>>> exits = [False, True, False, True, False]
>>> portfolio = vbt.Portfolio.from_signals(price, entries, exits, freq='1D')
>>> portfolio.trades.plot().show()
- Indicator factory for building complex technical indicators with ease
- Includes technical indicators with full Numba support
- Moving average, Bollinger Bands, RSI, Stochastic, MACD, and more
- Each indicator has methods for generating signals and plotting
- Each indicator takes arbitrary parameter combinations, from arrays to Cartesian products
- Supports ta, pandas-ta, and TA-Lib indicators out of the box
- Supports parallelization with Ray
- Includes technical indicators with full Numba support
>>> price = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=float)
>>> vbt.MA.run(price, [2, 3]).ma # vectorbt
ma_window 2 3
0 NaN NaN
1 1.5 NaN
2 2.5 2.0
3 3.5 3.0
4 4.5 4.0
>>> vbt.ta('SMAIndicator').run(price, [2, 3]).sma_indicator # ta
smaindicator_window 2 3
0 NaN NaN
1 1.5 NaN
2 2.5 2.0
3 3.5 3.0
4 4.5 4.0
>>> vbt.pandas_ta('SMA').run(price, [2, 3]).sma # pandas-ta
sma_length 2 3
0 NaN NaN
1 1.5 NaN
2 2.5 2.0
3 3.5 3.0
4 4.5 4.0
>>> vbt.talib('SMA').run(price, [2, 3]).real # TA-Lib
sma_timeperiod 2 3
0 NaN NaN
1 1.5 NaN
2 2.5 2.0
3 3.5 3.0
4 4.5 4.0
- Label generation for machine learning
- Labeling based on local extrema, breakouts, and more
>>> price = np.cumprod(np.random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1, size=100) + 1)
>>> vbt.LEXLB.run(price, 0.2, 0.2).plot().show()
- Classes for downloading and (periodically) updating data
- Includes APIs such as ccxt, yfinance and python-binance
- Telegram bot based on python-telegram-bot
- Interactive Plotly-based widgets for visual data analysis
Head over to the documentation to get started.
- Performance analysis of Moving Average Crossover
- Performance analysis of stop signals
- Backtesting per trading session
- Portfolio optimization
- Plotting MACD parameters as 3D volume
- Walk-forward optimization
- Running Telegram signal bot
- Porting RSI strategy from backtrader
- Pairs trading (vs backtrader)
Note: you must run the notebook to play with the widgets.
Pull requests are welcome. For major changes, please open an issue first to discuss what you would like to change.
First, you need to install vectorbt from the repository:
pip uninstall vectorbt
git clone https://github.com/polakowo/vectorbt.git
cd vectorbt
pip install -e .After making changes, make sure you did not break any functionality:
pytestPlease make sure to update tests as appropriate.
This work is licensed under Apache 2.0, but installing optional dependencies may be subject to a stronger license.
This software is for educational purposes only. Do not risk money which you are afraid to lose. USE THE SOFTWARE AT YOUR OWN RISK. THE AUTHORS AND ALL AFFILIATES ASSUME NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR YOUR TRADING RESULTS.