Author: Sheng Tian, Univ. of Minnesota, [email protected]
This python geopack
has integrated two modules originally written in Fortran: the geopack
and the Tsyganenko models (T89, T96, T01, and T04). The Fortran geopack05
is available at https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/modelweb/magnetos/data-based/Geopack_2005.html and geopack08
is available at http://geo.phys.spbu.ru/~tsyganenko/Geopack-2008.html. Their DLM in IDL is available at http://ampere.jhuapl.edu/code/idl_geopack.html. As a crucial complement to geopack05
and geopack08
, the Tsyganenko models are available in Fortran at https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/models/modelinfo.php?model=Tsyganenko%20Magnetic%20Field.
Test results are attached in ./test_geopack1.md
to demonstrate that the Python geopack
returns the same outputs as the Fortran and IDL counterparts. However, invisible at the user-level, several improvements have been internally implemented:
-
The latest IGRF coefficients are used, which cover the time range from 1900 to 2025. Years beyond this range are valid inputs and the corresponding IGRF coefficients will be extrapolated, whereas the Fortran and IDL versions do not extrapolate well if at all.
-
The IGRF coefficients in the Python
geopack
are time series at a milli-second cadance, whereas the coefficients are daily in the Fortrangeopack
. -
igrf_gsm
is changed to a wrapper ofigrf_geo
plus the proper coordinate transforms. There are many places in the Fortran version where pages of codes are copy-pasted. Though not aesthetically pleasing, I let them live in the python version, because it requires tremendous efforts to fix them all. However, the igrf_geo is the one place that is obvious and easy to fix, so I did it. -
All
goto
statements in the Fortrangeopack
and Tsyganenko models are eliminated. -
A
gswgsm
is added to support the new GSW coordinate introduced ingeopack08
.
The package requires Python pre-installed and depends on the numpy
and scipy
packages. I've only tested the Python geopack
on Mac OS in Python 3.6. Performance on other platform and other versions of Python is unclear.
To install the Python geopack
through pip
, type > pip3 install geopack
in the terminal.
To install the latest version, manually install on a Mac (and hopefully Linux):
- Download the latest package at https://github.com/tsssss/geopack/.
- Unzip it, open a terminal, and
cd
to the unzipped directory - Install the package to Python by typing
python3 setup.py install
in the terminal
The Python version of geopack
tries to be compatible with both Fortran geopack05
and geopack08
. The major change of geopack08
is a new coordinate called GSW
, which is similar to the widely used GSM
but more suitable to study the tail physics. To be backward compatible with geopack05
, the Python version still uses GSM
as the major coordinate for vectors. However, to keep updated with geopack08
, the Python version provides a new coordinate transform function GSWGSM
, so that users can easily switch to their favorite coordinate. A new Tsyganenko T07d
model has been released with a new algorithm. Support for T07d is under development.
There are two G parameters used as optional inputs to the T01 model. There definitions are in Tsyganenko (2001). Similarly, there are six W parameters used as optional inputs to the T04 model, defined in Tsyganenko (2005). The python version does not support the calculations of the G and W parameters. For users interested, here is the link for the Qin-Denton W and G parameters at https://rbsp-ect.newmexicoconsortium.org/data_pub/QinDenton/. Thanks for Dr Shawn Young for providing the references and relevant information.
Back in my mind, there are some potential ways to implement the G and W parameter. But please do understand that the package does not have any funding support. I usually do major updates during summer or winter break, when it's easier to find spare time. For users that are familiar with the G and W parameters, let me know if you have any suggestions or ideas on solutions to implement them in the package!
The model needs to be updated for each new time step. Time used is the unix timestamp, which is the seconds from 1970-01-01/00:00. Here are some examples in Python to get the time from intuitive inputs.
# Test for 2001-01-02/03:04:05 UT
import datetime
from dateutil import parser
# From date and time
t1 = datetime.datetime(2001,1,2,3,4,5)
t0 = datetime.datetime(1970,1,1)
ut = (t1-t0).total_seconds()
print(ut)
978404645.0
# From string, need the package dateutil
t1 = parser.parse('2001-01-02/03:04:05')
ut = (t1-t0).total_seconds()
print(ut)
978404645.0
Here is a short example on how to import the package and call functions. A detailed explanation of all functions is listed in the next section.
from geopack import geopack, t89
ut = 100 # 1970-01-01/00:01:40 UT.
xgsm,ygsm,zgsm = [1,2,3]
ps = geopack.recalc(ut)
b0xgsm,b0ygsm,b0zgsm = geopack.dip(xgsm,ygsm,zgsm) # calc dipole B in GSM.
dbxgsm,dbygsm,dbzgsm = t89.t89(2, ps, xgsm,ygsm,zgsm) # calc T89 dB in GSM.
bxgsm,bygsm,bzgsm = [b0xgsm+dbxgsm,b0ygsm+dbygsm,b0zgsm+dbzgsm]
print(bxgsm,bygsm,bzgsm)
-539.5083883330017 -569.5906371610358 -338.8680547453352
And here is another way to import the package and refer to the functions.
import geopack
ut = 100 # 1970-01-01/00:01:40 UT.
xgsm,ygsm,zgsm = [1,2,3]
ps = geopack.geopack.recalc(ut)
b0xgsm,b0ygsm,b0zgsm = geopack.geopack.dip(xgsm,ygsm,zgsm)
dbxgsm,dbygsm,dbzgsm = geopack.t89.t89(2, ps, xgsm,ygsm,zgsm)
print(b0xgsm,b0ygsm,b0zgsm)
-544.425907831383 -565.7731166717405 -321.43413443108597
Another way to import the package.
import geopack.geopack as gp
ut = 100 # 1970-01-01/00:01:40 UT.
xgsm,ygsm,zgsm = [2,1,100]
ps = gp.recalc(ut)
xgsm,ygsm,zgsm = gp.geogsm(2,1,100, 1)
print(xgsm,ygsm,zgsm)
(-41.00700906453125, -19.962123759781406, 89.0221254665413)
To use the feature in geopack08
, users can supply the solar wind magnetic field in GSE and express vectors in GSW
from geopack import geopack
ut = 100 # 1970-01-01/00:01:40 UT.
xgsm,ygsm,zgsm = [1,2,3]
vgse = [-400,0,10] # solar wind velocity in GSE.
ps = geopack.recalc(ut, *vgse) # init with time & SW velocity.
# or use ps = geopack.recalc(ut, vgse[0],vgse[1],vgse[2])
xgsw,ygsw,zgsw = gswgsm(xgsm,ygsm,zgsm, -1) # convert position to GSW.
b0xgsw,b0ygsw,b0zgsw = geopack.dip_gsw(xgsw,ygsw,zgsw) # calc dipole B in GSW.
print(b0xgsw,b0ygsw,b0zgsw)
-540.5392569443875 -560.7296994901754 -336.47913346240205
print((geopack.gswgsm(b0xgsw,b0ygsw,b0zgsw, 1))) # dipole B in GSM.
(-544.4259078313833, -565.7731166717405, -321.4341344310859)
The Python geopack
follows the Python way: function parameters are all input parameters and the outputs are returned. (This is very different from the Fortran and IDL geopack
.)
-
When changing to a new time of interest
-
recalc
. Re-calculate the dipole tilt angle (and other internal parameters) for a given time.Example ps = recalc(ut) ps = recalc(ut, vxgse,vygse,vzgse) Input ut: The given time in the universal time in second. vxgse,vygse,vzgse: The solar wind velocity in GSE. If they are omitted, a default value of [-400,0,0] is used so that GSM and GSW are the same. Return ps: Dipole tilt angle in radian (defined in GSM, not GSW).
-
-
Get the internal model magnetic fields
-
dip
. Calculate the internal magnetic field from the dipole model for a given position and time (The time dependence is taken care of byrecalc
), in the GSM coordinate.Example bxgsm,bygsm,bzgsm = dip(xgsm,ygsm,zgsm) Input xgsm,ygsm,zgsm: The given position in cartesian GSM coordinate in Re (earth radii, 1 Re = 6371.2 km). Return bxgsm,bygsm,bzgsm: Cartesian GSM components of the internal magnetic field in nT.
-
dip_gsw
. Calculate the internal magnetic field from the dipole model for a given position and time (The time dependence is taken care of byrecalc
), in the GSW coordinate.Example bxgsw,bygsw,bzgsw = dip_gsw(xgsw,ygsw,zgsw) Input xgsw,ygsw,zgsw: The given position in cartesian GSW coordinate in Re (earth radii, 1 Re = 6371.2 km). Return bxgsw,bygsw,bzgsw: Cartesian GSW components of the internal magnetic field in nT.
-
igrf_gsm
. Calculate the internal magnetic field from the IGRF model (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/iaga/vmod/igrf.html) for a given position and time, in the GSM coordinate.Example bxgsm,bygsm,bzgsm = igrf_gsm(xgsm,ygsm,zgsm) Input xgsm,ygsm,zgsm: The given position in cartesian GSM coordinate in Re (earth radii, 1 Re = 6371.2 km). Return bxgsm,bygsm,bzgsm: Cartesian GSM components of the internal magnetic field in nT.
-
igrf_gsw
. Calculate the internal magnetic field from the IGRF model (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/iaga/vmod/igrf.html) for a given position and time, in the GSW coordinate.Example bxgsw,bygsw,bzgsw = igrf_gsw(xgsw,ygsw,zgsw) Input xgsw,ygsw,zgsw: The given position in cartesian GSW coordinate in Re (earth radii, 1 Re = 6371.2 km). Return bxgsw,bygsw,bzgsw: Cartesian GSW components of the internal magnetic field in nT.
-
igrf_geo
. Calculate the internal magnetic field from the IGRF model (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/iaga/vmod/igrf.html) for a given position and time, in the GEO coordinate.Example br,btheta,bphi = igrf_gsm(r,theta,phi) Input r,theta,phi: The given position in spherical GEO coordinate. r is the radia distance in Re; theta is the co-latitude in radian; phi is the longitude in radian. Return br,btheta,bphi: Spherical GSM components of the internal magnetic field in nT. br is outward; btheta is southward; bphi is eastward.
-
-
Get the external model magntic fields
Four models (T89, T96, T01, and T04) developed by Dr. Tsyganenko are implemented in the package.
-
t89
. Calculate the external magnetic field from the T89 model for a given position and time, in the GSM coordinate.Example bxgsm,bygsm,bzgsm = t89(par, ps, xgsm,ygsm,zgsm) Input par: A model parameter. It is an integer (1-7) maps to the Kp index | par | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | | Kp | 0,0+ | 1-,1,1+ | 2-,2,2+ | 3-,3,3+ | 4-,4,4+ | 5-,5,5+ | > 6- | ps: Dipole tilt angle in radian. xgsm,ygsm,zgsm: The given position in cartesian GSM coordinate in Re (earth radii, 1 Re = 6371.2 km).
-
t96
. Calculate the external magnetic field from the T96 model for a given position and time, in the GSM coordinate.Example bxgsm,bygsm,bzgsm = t96(par, ps, xgsm,ygsm,zgsm) Input ps: Dipole tilt angle in radian. xgsm,ygsm,zgsm: The given position in cartesian GSM coordinate in Re (earth radii, 1 Re = 6371.2 km). par: A model paramter. It is a 10-element array, whose elements are (1-10) | par | 1 | 2 | 3-4 | 5-10 | | Var | Pdyn | Dst | ByIMF,BzIMF | not used | where Pdyn is the solar wind dynamic pressure in nPa; Dst is the Dst index in nT; ByImf,BzImf are the y and z components of the IMF (interplanetary magnetif field) in GSM.
-
t01
. Calculate the external magnetic field from the T01 model for a given position and time, in the GSM coordinate.Example bxgsm,bygsm,bzgsm = t01(par, ps, xgsm,ygsm,zgsm) Input ps: Dipole tilt angle in radian. xgsm,ygsm,zgsm: The given position in cartesian GSM coordinate in Re (earth radii, 1 Re = 6371.2 km). par: A model paramter. It is a 10-element array, whose elements are (1-10) | par | 1 | 2 | 3-4 | 5-6 | 7-10 | | Var | Pdyn | Dst | ByIMF,BzIMF | G1,G2 | not used | where Pdyn is the solar wind dynamic pressure in nPa; Dst is the Dst index in nT; ByImf,BzImf are the y and z components of the IMF (interplanetary magnetif field) in GSM; G1,G2 are two indices defined in Tsyganenko (2001). N. A. Tsyganenko, A new data-based model of the near magnetosphere magnetic field: 1. Mathematical structure. 2. Parameterization and fitting to observations (submitted to JGR, July 2001)
-
t04
. Calculate the external magnetic field from the T04 model for a given position and time, in the GSM coordinate.Example bxgsm,bygsm,bzgsm = t04(par, ps, xgsm,ygsm,zgsm) Input ps: Dipole tilt angle in radian. xgsm,ygsm,zgsm: The given position in cartesian GSM coordinate in Re (earth radii, 1 Re = 6371.2 km). par: A model paramter. It is a 10-element array, whose elements are (1-10) | par | 1 | 2 | 3-4 | 5-10 | | Var | Pdyn | Dst | ByIMF,BzIMF | W1 to W6 | where Pdyn is the solar wind dynamic pressure in nPa; Dst is the Dst index in nT; ByImf,BzImf are the y and z components of the IMF (interplanetary magnetif field) in GSM; W1,W2,...,W6 are six indices defined in Tsyganenko (2005). N. A. Tsyganenko and M. I. Sitnov, Modeling the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., v. 110 (A3), A03208, doi: 10.1029/2004JA010798, 2005.
Note: All 4 models share the same interface, but the meanings of
par
are very different. -
-
Convert a cartesian vector among coordinates
The supported coordinates are: GEO, GEI, MAG, GSM, GSE, and SM. They are defined in Hapgood (1992). And GSW, defined in Hones+(1986) is added in
geopack_08
. The functions for the coordinate transform are:geomag
,geigeo
,magsm
,gsmgse
,smgsm
,geogsm
,gswgsm
. They share the same interface, so they are explained together.Usage b1,b2,b3 = geomag(h1,h2,h3, flag) Example xmag,ymag,zmag = geomag(xgeo,ygeo,zgeo, 1) xgeo,ygeo,zgeo = geomag(xmag,ymag,zmag, -1) ... Input and Return h1,h2,h3: Cartesian components of a vector in "coord1" b1,b2,b3: Cartesian components of the vector in "coord2" flag: flag > 0 -- coord1 to coord2; flag < 0 -- coord2 to coord1
In addition
geodgeo
converts a position between altitude (in km)/geodetic latitude (in rad) and geocentric distance (in km)/colatitude (in rad).Usage b1,b2 = geodgeo(h1,h2, flag) Example rgeo,thetageo = geodgeo(hgeod,xmugeod, 1) hgeod,xmugeod = geodgeo(rgeo,thetageo, -1) Input and Return h1,h2: Components of a vector in "coord1" b1,b2: Components of a vector in "coord2" flag: flag > 0 -- coord1 to coord2; flag < 0 -- coord2 to coord1
-
Trace along model magnetic fields:
trace
Example x1gsm,y1gsm,z1gsm = trace(x0gsm,y0gsm,z0gsm, dir, rlim, r0, par, exname, inname) Input x0gsm,y0gsm,z0gsm: The given position in cartesian GSM coordinate in Re (earth radii, 1 Re = 6371.2 km). dir: Direction of tracing. dir = -1 for parallel; dir = 1 for anti-parallel. rlim: Maximum tracing radius in Re. Default value is 10 Re. r0: Minimum tracing radius in Re. Default value is 1 Re. inname: A string specifies the internal model, one of 'dipole','igrf'. The default value is 'igrf'. exname: A string specifies the external model, one of 't89','t96','t01','t04'. The default value is 't89' and its par is default to be 2. par: The model parameter. Its dimension and the meaning depend on the external model. Please check the interface of the models for details.
Functions do not appear in the above list are considered as internal functions. For usages of them, advanced users can check the source code of the Python geopack
.
Hapgood, M. A. (1992). Space physics coordinate transformations: A user guide. Planetary and Space Science, 40(5), 711–717. http://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(92)90012-D
N. A. Tsyganenko, A new data-based model of the near magnetosphere magnetic field: 1. Mathematical structure. 2. Parameterization and fitting to observations (submitted to JGR, July 2001)
N. A. Tsyganenko and M. I. Sitnov, Modeling the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., v. 110 (A3), A03208, doi: 10.1029/2004JA010798, 2005.