fix(core): Improve typing for common container usage scenarios (#523)

Improves type hints for type checking in a common use cases:

```python
with MySqlContainer("mysql:8").with_env("some", "value") as mysql:
    url = mysql.get_connection_url()  # get_connection_url would previously be an unknown member here
```
And, also improved type hinting for the custom `DockerClient`'s `run`
command, where the linter no longer reports an error due to missing
parameter types:
```python
DockerClient.run("nginx")  # Previously this would report "Argument missing for parameter "image"
```

core/testcontainers/core/container.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
 
 import docker.errors
+from typing_extensions import Self
 
 from testcontainers.core.config import (
     RYUK_DISABLED,
@@ -53,29 +54,29 @@ def __init__(
         self._name = None
         self._kwargs = kwargs
 
-    def with_env(self, key: str, value: str) -> "DockerContainer":
+    def with_env(self, key: str, value: str) -> Self:
         self.env[key] = value
         return self
 
-    def with_bind_ports(self, container: int, host: Optional[int] = None) -> "DockerContainer":
+    def with_bind_ports(self, container: int, host: Optional[int] = None) -> Self:
         self.ports[container] = host
         return self
 
-    def with_exposed_ports(self, *ports: int) -> "DockerContainer":
+    def with_exposed_ports(self, *ports: int) -> Self:
         for port in ports:
             self.ports[port] = None
         return self
 
-    def with_kwargs(self, **kwargs) -> "DockerContainer":
+    def with_kwargs(self, **kwargs) -> Self:
         self._kwargs = kwargs
         return self
 
-    def maybe_emulate_amd64(self) -> "DockerContainer":
+    def maybe_emulate_amd64(self) -> Self:
         if is_arm():
             return self.with_kwargs(platform="linux/amd64")
         return self
 
-    def start(self):
+    def start(self) -> Self:
         if not RYUK_DISABLED and self.image != RYUK_IMAGE:
             logger.debug("Creating Ryuk container")
             Reaper.get_instance()
@@ -95,10 +96,11 @@ def start(self):
         return self
 
     def stop(self, force=True, delete_volume=True) -> None:
-        self._container.remove(force=force, v=delete_volume)
+        if self._container:
+            self._container.remove(force=force, v=delete_volume)
         self.get_docker_client().client.close()
 
-    def __enter__(self):
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
         return self.start()
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb) -> None:
@@ -138,15 +140,15 @@ def get_exposed_port(self, port: int) -> str:
                 return port
         return mapped_port
 
-    def with_command(self, command: str) -> "DockerContainer":
+    def with_command(self, command: str) -> Self:
         self._command = command
         return self
 
-    def with_name(self, name: str) -> "DockerContainer":
+    def with_name(self, name: str) -> Self:
         self._name = name
         return self
 
-    def with_volume_mapping(self, host: str, container: str, mode: str = "ro") -> "DockerContainer":
+    def with_volume_mapping(self, host: str, container: str, mode: str = "ro") -> Self:
         mapping = {"bind": container, "mode": mode}
         self.volumes[host] = mapping
         return self

core/testcontainers/core/docker_client.py

@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@
 import urllib.parse
 from os.path import exists
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Callable, Optional, TypeVar, Union
 
 import docker
 from docker.models.containers import Container, ContainerCollection
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
 
 from testcontainers.core.labels import SESSION_ID, create_labels
 from testcontainers.core.utils import default_gateway_ip, inside_container, setup_logger
@@ -30,6 +31,18 @@
 TC_FILE = ".testcontainers.properties"
 TC_GLOBAL = Path.home() / TC_FILE
 
+_P = ParamSpec("_P")
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+def _wrapped_container_collection(function: Callable[_P, _T]) -> Callable[_P, _T]:
+
+    @ft.wraps(ContainerCollection.run)
+    def wrapper(*args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs) -> _T:
+        return function(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
+
 
 class DockerClient:
     """
@@ -48,7 +61,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
         self.client.api.headers["x-tc-sid"] = SESSION_ID
         self.client.api.headers["User-Agent"] = "tc-python/" + importlib.metadata.version("testcontainers")
 
-    @ft.wraps(ContainerCollection.run)
+    @_wrapped_container_collection
     def run(
         self,
         image: str,