EP1-Software-Skyrats

First EP as a skyrats software fellow. Create a README explaining the first workshop.

LINUX, GIT e GITHUB

Linux

• Often referred as an operating system, but strictly speaking, it is a Kernel.
  Kernel: Core component of an operating system and serves as the main interface between computer's hardware and the process running on it.
  
• Low level (C and Assembly).
  
• In the 80s, thanks to Richard Stallman GNU project could accomplish his goal of making an operating systen that was freely to everyone, and where everyone could work together.
  
• In the 90s, to be more specific 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Swedish student put his source code online; a brand new POSIX compilant kernel; online. Many people embraced the combination of this kernel with the GNU tools.

Distributions

• Is a collection of (usually open source) software on top of a Linux kernel.
  
• A distribution (or short, distro) can bundle server softwar, system management tools, documentation and many desktop applications in a central secure software reopsotory.
• A distro aims to provide a common look and feel, secure and easy software management and often a specific operational purpose.
  

Debian

• Basis of every Ubuntu release.
• Seen as one of the most stable Linux distributions.
• Stable root distribution.
• Ubuntu: Versions long term support.
• Linux Mint: Performance set for casual uses.
• Linux Lite: Simple and easy to use.
• Fun fact: Every Debian release is named after a character in the movie Toy Story.

Arch

• Highly customizable.
• Manjaro: Privacy and highly control.

Gentoo

• Accuracy and optimization on compilation task.

Fedora

• Usability and freedom.

Which one to use?

• Depends on the needs of the user.
  Note. Table took from Linux Fundamentals by Paul Cobbaut.

Files System

• Linux inherited the Filesystem Hierarchy (FHS) Standard from UNIX.
• The FHS may help make more Unix/Linux file system trees conform better in the future.
• To make it simpler, a FHS is how drives, folders, files, and other storage devices are organized and displayed on an operating system.
• In a hierarchical file system, the drives, folders, and files are displayed in groups, which allows the user to see only the files they're interested in seeing.
• People should be aware of allowing to modificate some protected directories.
• In Linux, everything is a file.

Access permissions

• Read -r
• Modify -w
• Execute -x

Sudo Command

• Accessing directories, functions and protected files.

User directory

• /home

Protected Directories

• /root and /sys
• /bin and /sbin
• /boot and /run
• /usr /media /mnt
• /lib /lib32
• /lib64

Terminal Command

• Full system control.
• Command format: [function] [flag] [argument]
• -h mkdir -help
• ls - Visualize directory files.
• cd/path - Access to a directory.
• mkdir [name] - Create a new directory.
• touch /path - Create a file.
• rm -r/path - Remove a directory with all the files.
• sudo apt update - Update a package.
• sudo apt install [package] - Install packages.

Git

• Distribuited Version Control System.
• Code versioning - Records all changes and allows redirect all versions.
• Allows working in group - Clone the project, add changes, mix changes.

Git Fundamentals

• Repository: Directory with all files and changes.
• Branch: Independent copy of the main repository.
• Merge: Mix changes from different branches.
• Fork: Copy of a repository directly tied to the usser personal account. so the user can work on a copy of an original project.
• Keeps a local copy of the project with all the files and changes.
• Commit - command used to keep the changes.
• It is possible the use of branches to meake changes without affecting the main code.
• Once the changes are commited, the user can update the changes on a remote repository, so the members can have access.
• Members can pull and copy the changes to their local repositories.
• Members can also merge their alterations with yours.

GITHUB

• Online platform based on Git.
• Project storage.

Commands

• git init: Initialize a new empty Git repo.
• git clone: Clone a remote Git repo.
• git add: Add files to be tracking by Git.
• git commit: Save all changes in one or more files on a remote repo.
• git push: Sends changes from a local repo to a remote repo.
• git pull: Pull changhes from a remote repo to a local repo.
• git branch: Create, list or exclude branches.
• git merge: Combine changes from two or more Git branches.
• git status: Show the actual local repository status.

GITIGNORE

• Specifies intentionally untracked files that Git should ignore.
• We must create a file named ".gitignore" on the root of the project.
• List all the files and folders to be ignored.
• Ignores sensitive files (passwords, user personal info).
• Ignores unnecessary files (images, proves).

Commits

• We use commit when we want to perform logic changes.
• Change and perform successful tests.
• Clone and test.
• Messages are usually in english.
• Present tense verb or imperative.
• Use Gitmoji to indicate an action.

README

• Informative file that shows up after accessing a repo.
• Got useful information about the project (goals, installation, perform guide).