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feat: azl397985856#75 A better solution with O(n) (azl397985856#280)
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* Update 75: A better solution with O(n)

* Update 75.sort-colors.md

* Update 75.sort-colors.md

Co-authored-by: lucifer <[email protected]>
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jojoxiaojing and azl397985856 committed Jan 17, 2020
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Expand Up @@ -19,77 +19,55 @@ First, iterate the array counting number of 0's, 1's, and 2's, then overwrite ar
Could you come up with a one-pass algorithm using only constant space?

## 思路
这个问题是典型的荷兰国旗问题 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_national_flag_problem)。 因为我们可以将红白蓝三色小球想象成条状物,有序排列后正好组成荷兰国旗。

其实就是排序,而且没有要求稳定性,就是用啥排序算法都行。
题目并没有给出数据规模,因此我默认数据量不大,直接选择了冒泡排序

## 关键点解析

冒泡排序的时间复杂度是N平方,无法优化,但是可以进一步优化常数项,
比如循环的起止条件。 由于每一次遍历都会将最后一位“就位”,因此内层循环的截止条件就可以是
`nums.length - i`, 而不是 `nums.length`, 可以省一半的时间。


## 代码

```js
/*
* @lc app=leetcode id=75 lang=javascript
*
* [75] Sort Colors
*
* https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-colors/description/
*
* algorithms
* Medium (41.41%)
* Total Accepted: 297K
* Total Submissions: 716.1K
* Testcase Example: '[2,0,2,1,1,0]'
*
* Given an array with n objects colored red, white or blue, sort them in-place
* so that objects of the same color are adjacent, with the colors in the order
* red, white and blue.
*
* Here, we will use the integers 0, 1, and 2 to represent the color red,
* white, and blue respectively.
*
* Note: You are not suppose to use the library's sort function for this
* problem.
*
* Example:
*
*
* Input: [2,0,2,1,1,0]
* Output: [0,0,1,1,2,2]
*
* Follow up:
*
*
* A rather straight forward solution is a two-pass algorithm using counting
* sort.
* First, iterate the array counting number of 0's, 1's, and 2's, then
* overwrite array with total number of 0's, then 1's and followed by 2's.
* Could you come up with a one-pass algorithm using only constant space?
*
*
*/
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {void} Do not return anything, modify nums in-place instead.
*/
var sortColors = function(nums) {
function swap(nums, i, j) {
const temp = nums[i];
nums[i] = nums[j];
nums[j] = temp;
}
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
for (let j = 0; j < nums.length - i; j++) {
if (nums[j] < nums[j -1]) {
swap(nums, j - 1 , j)
}

}
}
};
有两种解决思路。

## 解法一
- 遍历数组,统计红白蓝三色球(0,1,2)的个数
- 根据红白蓝三色球(0,1,2)的个数重排数组

这种思路的时间复杂度:$O(n)$,需要遍历数组两次。

## 解法二

我们可以把数组分成三部分,前部(全部是0),中部(全部是1)和后部(全部是2)三个部分。每一个元素(红白蓝分别对应0、1、2)必属于其中之一。将前部和后部各排在数组的前边和后边,中部自然就排好了。

我们用三个指针,设置两个指针begin指向前部的末尾的下一个元素(刚开始默认前部无0,所以指向第一个位置),end指向后部开头的前一个位置(刚开始默认后部无2,所以指向最后一个位置),然后设置一个遍历指针current,从头开始进行遍历。

这种思路的时间复杂度也是$O(n)$, 只需要遍历数组一次。

### 关键点解析


- 荷兰国旗问题
- counting sort

### 代码

代码支持: Python3

Python3 Code:

``` python
class Solution:
def sortColors(self, nums: List[int]) -> None:
"""
Do not return anything, modify nums in-place instead.
"""
p0 = cur = 0
p2 = len(nums) - 1

while cur <= p2:
if nums[cur] == 0:
nums[cur], nums[p0] = nums[p0], nums[cur]
p0 += 1
cur += 1
elif nums[cur] == 2:
nums[cur], nums[p2] = nums[p2], nums[cur]
p2 -= 1
else:
cur += 1
```


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