perf(node-modules): cache install state

[merceyz]

What's the problem this PR addresses?

#2564 but for the node-modules linker

ref #2575

How did you fix it?

Cache the install state

Results

Running hyperfine -w 5 'yarn jest --version' on https://github.com/jest-community/eslint-plugin-jest (cc @SimenB)

 Benchmark #1: yarn jest --version
-  Time (mean ± σ):      2.645 s ±  0.026 s    [User: 1.227 s, System: 0.288 s]
+  Time (mean ± σ):      2.347 s ±  0.020 s    [User: 930.2 ms, System: 235.9 ms]
-  Range (min … max):    2.624 s …  2.702 s    10 runs
+  Range (min … max):    2.320 s …  2.386 s    10 runs

(Ran on WSL2 over the network mounted C drive)

Checklist

• I have read the Contributing Guide.
• I have set the packages that need to be released for my changes to be effective.
• I will check that all automated PR checks pass before the PR gets reviewed.